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The interlayer spacing of graphite
From a study of well-crystallized graphites direct evidence is obtained of the different spacings between oriented and disoriented layers, respectively, in a stack of parallel graphite layers. It is shown that when the proportion of disoriented layers is small there is practically a linear relation with the mean inter…
Formation of Annealing Twins During Grain Growth
It is proposed that annealing twins form during grain growth as a result of a decrease in the interfacial free energy of grain boundaries that would not be achieved in the absence of twinning. Experiments designed to permit detection of the changes in grain boundary free energy accompanying the formation of twins give…
Dielectric Properties of Lead Zirconate
In order to distinguish whether it is really a ferroelectric or not, the dielectric response of PbZr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ceramic to biasing dc field has been examined. In contrast to ordinary ferroelectrics, an effect is scarcely detected below the Curie point of 233\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C even up to a fiel…
Capillary equilibria of dislocated crystals
It is shown that a dislocation whose Burgers vector exceeds a critical value, of the order of magnitude 10A., is only in equilibrium with an empty tube at its core.This is not the case in metals or other simple crystalline solids, but is likely to be the case in protein crystals, which therefore, unfortunately, do not…
CXXVIII. A theoretical derivation of the plastic properties of a polycrystalline face-centred metal
Summary In continuation of a previous paper (Bishop and Hill 1951) it is conjectured that the work done in plastically deforming a polycrystal is approximately equal to that which would be done if the grains were free to deform equally. In conjunction with the principle of maximum plastic work, this enables the yield…
Über Einschlußverbindungen, I. Mitteil.: Additionsverbindungen der Cycloamylosen
Abstract Es wurden Einschlußverbindungen von β‐Dextrin (= Cycloheptaamylose) und Desoxycholsäure dargestellt, insbesondere solche mit leicht polarisierbaren und gefärbten Molekülen. Dabei zeigten sich charakteristische Veränderungen der Eigenschaften der eingeschlossenen Moleküle im Sinne einer Lockerung der Elektrone…
Crystallite growth in graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons
Abstract An investigation of the structure of carbons of different origin treated at temperatures between 1000 and 3000°C has shown that the graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons form two distinct and well-defined classes. The differences in structure are apparent from the earliest stages of carbonization, and may…
The Energy Loss of Electrons Passing through Matter
A discussion of the results of a study of the stopping properties for moderately energetic (\ensuremath{\le} 1.0-Mev) electrons is given, with special emphasis placed on the distribution in energy loss for a finite thickness of stopping material. Several theoretical expressions (Bethe-Bloch-Williams, Landau, Blunck-Le…
Effects of Cotton Fiber Fineness on the Physical Properties of Single Yarns
The effects of the single fiber property fiber fineness on the physical properties of single yarns, both coarse and fine and of varying twist, were investigated. To permit the study of fiber fine ness while maintaining other important properties approximately constant, a special technique was used which controlled the…
The Role of Tetragonal Twins in the Internal Friction of Copper Manganese Alloys
Internal friction studies have been made of an alloy 88 percent Mn-12 percent Cu. This alloy when annealed at 925°C and quenched to room temperature has a tetragonal structure of axial ratio 0.97. Twins are readily formed along the (101) and (011) planes. It has been suggested that relaxation across these twin boundar…
Thermal Expansion of Some Glasses in the System MgO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2
The thermal expansion coefficients of five magnesia‐alumina‐silica glasses were measured in the range 25° to 700°C. by the use of the interferometer. The glasses included the 1345° and 1360°C. eutectic compositions and three compositions having molecular ratios of 1 : 1 :4, 1 : 1 :6, and 1 : 1 : 10. The relation of th…
The reinforcement of rubber by carbon black
Recent research on the carbon reinforcement of rubber is reviewed and existing theories examined. The stiffening effect of carbon black is thought to be little influenced by the size of the individual spherical particles, but values of tensile strength, tear strength, and abrasion resistance increase with decreasing p…
The Rate of Rise of Liquids in Fine Vertical Capillaries
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Rate of Rise of Liquids in Fine Vertical CapillariesJoseph R. Ligenza and Richard B. BernsteinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 10, 4636–4638Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1951https:/…
The Photochemistry of Riboflavin and Related Compounds
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Photochemistry of Riboflavin and Related CompoundsMurray HalwerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 10, 4870–4874Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1951https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01154a118RIG…
The Range and Straggling of High Energy Electrons
Simple expressions are derived for the range and straggling of individual electrons. Large energy losses due to bremsstrahlung make the average range smaller than would be calculated from the average energy loss. Effects of multiple scattering are included. The results are in good agreement with numerical calculations…
Optical Absorption and Photoconductivity of Amorphous and Hexagonal Selenium
In amorphous and hexagonal selenium optical absorption and photoconductivity were studied in their dependence on temperature. The absorption edge shifts for amorphous selenium toward shorter wavelengths with decreasing temperature. For a temperature change from 300° to 90°K and a layer thickness of 98μ, for example, a…