Materials Literature
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A model is considered for the case of polycrystalline ferroelectrics in which each crystallite is presumed to behave according to a free-energy function of the type formulated by A. F. Devonshire [Advances in Phys. 3, 85 (1954)] for BaTiO3. The Curie temperatures for the individual grains are taken in a Gaussian distr…
The effect of point imperfections on lattice thermal conductivity is discussed with particular attention to the case in which the temperature is low but the normal three-phonon scattering is still dominant. The experimental results of Walker and Fairbank on the conductivity of isotopic mixtures of solid helium are ana…
On the basis of dielectric studies on polycrystalline specimens, ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{4}$${\mathrm{Ti}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ has been established as a ferroelectric with a Curie temperature of 675\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The symmetry is orthorhombic with $a=5.411$ A, $c=32.83$ A, and $\frac{b}{a}=1.007$ at…
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal Conductivity of Two-Phase MaterialsGeorge Tsu-Ning TsaoCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1961, 53, 5, 395–397Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50617a031https://doi…
Infrared absorption spectra have been obtained on the alkali nitrates, the divalent metal carbonates, and the rare earth borates which assume the aragonite, calcite, or vaterite crystal structures. It was observed that similar structures give rise to analogous spectra except for the carbonate and borates having the va…
Abstract A comparison has been made between the infrared spectra of native cellulose and those of various closely related materials differing in each instance from cellulose I in one salient feature. These materials have been compared individually with groups of others, each differing from cellulose in a further salie…
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA NEW PHOTOCHEMICAL PRIMARY PROCESS, THE PHOTOCHEMICAL ENOLIZATION OF o-SUBSTITUTED BENZOPHENONESN. C. Yang and Carlos RivasCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 9, 2213Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May…
A previously reported theory for the Mullins softening effect has been used to interpret various new data for the behavior of filled SBR rubber under tensile load. The strength of the filler–rubber bond, the filler surface area per polymer molecule attachment, and the average filler surface separation have been determ…
Abstract The physical phenomena now widely known as the “Mullins effect” was apparently first studied in detail by Holt in about 1930. He showed that if a vulcanized rubber which contains carbon black is stretched to a relative elongation α m =L/L 0 and released, it will not follow the same stress-strain curve when it…
Thermogravimetric data are generally more extensive than are comparable isothermal aging data, and therefore afford preliminary kinetic information in greater abundance. The kinetic analysis of the thermogram, by use of either its exact equation or a more convenient approximation formula, is straightforward in cases o…
THE previous articles in this series, concerning the titanium, magnesium and aluminium alloys, followed a very similar form, in that in each case consideration of the aircraft engineering applications was preceded by a metallurgical appreciation of the alloy systems under review. In the case of steels, a comprehensive…
With the passage of several years a small fixation of Sr90 was found to exist in a nonexchsngeable form in soils. This fixation probably tskes place, in part, by incorporation in CaCO3 crystals when soils contain this material. In all soils studied, fixation appears to be caused by entry of the Sr90 into such solid ph…
Verlauf der Liquiduslinie von 44 bis 62% CaO im Zustandsdiagramm Kalk-Phosphorsäure. Thermische Analyse. Sättigungsschmelzen. Untersuchungen im Erhitzungsmikroskop. Röntgenpulveraufnahmen bei Temperaturen bis zu 1500°C. Die Umwandlungen der Verbindung Trikalziumphosphat.
The appearance of 'zig-zag' dislocation lines during the decomposition of crystals of lead iodide in the electron microscope can be explained by the climb of existing dislocations into a flattened helical form. The simple zig-zags are often distorted into cusped and looped forms and it is shown how these distortions m…
The infrared and Raman spectra for phosphoryl chloride, thiophosphoryl chloride, and phosphoryl fluoride were collected and examined for the most probable values for the wave numbers, intensities, and depolarization factors. The data are as follows: The Raman displacements Δσ in cm—1, the relative intensities I, and t…
Abstract Complete conversion of the cellulose crystal lattice to that of the ethylenediamine‐cellulose complex can be attained with aqueous ethylenediamine solutions of 60% and greater. Cellulose in the form of loose cotton yarn or woven fabric immersed in 98% ethylenediamine solution for as little as 1 minute is as c…
The lowest-energy transition (n→π*) of the nitrate ion was found to shift in energy and intensity in a systematic way over the series of molten alkali nitrates from LiNO3 through CsNO3. The energy E of the band maximum varied in a linear way with the cationic radius. At 365°C (extrapolated for CsNO3) E in electron vol…
The mathematical expressions for the field intensities external to spheroids or an ellipsoid with uniform magnetization are given. They are useful in predicting fields external to (a) open-structure magnetic devices such as metallic or ferrite films, twistors or splinters, and (b) spheroidal and ellipsoidal samples wh…
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMonosaccharide Sulfates. I. Glucose 6-Sulfate. Preparations, Characterization of the Crystalline Potassium Salt, and Kinetic Studies1KENNETH B. GUISELEY and PAUL M. RUOFFCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 4, 1248–1254Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History…
A method for the determination of the fracture energy of brittle plastics is described. A crack is propagated down the length of a rectangular specimen under controlled conditions and the variation of crack opening with length determined. From these results the fracture energy may be calculated The method has been app…