A general theory of rods
Abstract A general thermodynamical theory is developed for rods. An elastic rod, and special cases of the general theory which are closely related to the classical theories of rods and strings, are also discussed.
Materials Literature
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Local Antiferromagnetic Order in Single-Crystal MnO above the Néel Temperature
This investigation of the spin arrangement in a single crystal of MnO above the N\'eel temperature (${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\simeq}122$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) has shown that the magnetic neutron scattering in the vicinity of the (111) magnetic peak position consists of diffuse but distinct satellites. The pr…
Low-Frequency Motions of H2O Molecules in Crystals. II
Translational and librational motions of H2O molecules in a frequency region lying below 1000 cm−1 have been previously examined for various configurations using the inelastic scattering of low-energy neutrons (0.005 eV). In the present work, H2O motions are studied in cases where neither of the lone electron pairs on…
Absorption Spectra of Gaseous NdBr3 and NdI3
Absorption spectra have been obtained of gaseous NdBr3 and NdI3 in the range 4000–25 000 cm−1 between 1000° and 1200°C. Spectra of solid and liquid NdI3 near the melting point have also been measured. The most prominent feature of the gaseous spectra is a complex band located between 16 000–17 000 cm−1 with oscillator…
Self-Diffusion along Edge Dislocations in Nickel
We have measured self-diffusion along widely spaced edge dislocations in nickel. A surface-accumulation counting technique was used. The dislocations were arranged to be perpendicular to the surface which was counted and were pure edge in character. The diffusion measurements were carried out in the temperature range…
Cluster Approximations for Order-Disorder-Type Hydrogen-Bonded Ferroelectrics. I. Small Clusters
A high-temperature cluster series is derived for the partition function of an order-disorder-type hydrogen-bonded ferroelectric crystal, taking into account a simplified interaction between protons as well as the overlap of the protonic wave functions between the two sites in a hydrogen bond. The zero-order result is…
The Magnetic Structure of FeSb2O4
The magnetic structure of Fe${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K has been investigated by powder neutron-diffraction techniques. The spin arrangement is noncollinear, consisting of a combination of three different antiferromagnetic modes. The principal mode ($A$) is one in w…
Energy Levels of Single-Crystal Erbium Oxide
The absorption spectra of large single crystals of Er2O3 observed at 10°, 80°, and 290°K were analyzed in the 2200–10 000-Å wavelength region. Over 600 transitions from all eight crystalline Stark levels of the ground 4I15/2 state to over 30 excited J manifolds of the Er3+ ion in C2 sites were assigned. In thick cryst…
Magnetic Susceptibility of Insulating and Semiconducting Strontium Titanate
The magnetic susceptibility of strontium titanate with and without charge carriers has been measured at 300, 78, and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Insulating SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ shows a magnetic moment, which is partly diamagnetic and partly (Van Vleck) paramagnetic. The free-carrier contribution is main…
Cluster Approximations for Order-Disorder-Type Hydrogen-Bonded Ferroelectrics. II. Application to KH2PO4
A four-particle cluster approximation is worked out for the free energy of ferroelectric K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, taking into account the overlap of the protonic wave functions between the two sites in a hydrogen bond as well as short-range and long-range forces and a part of the proton-lattice interact…
Faraday Effect of Charge-Transfer Transitions in Fe(CN)63−, MnO4−, and CrO42−
Measurements of the magneto-optical rotatory dispersion (MORD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) through the accessible charge-transfer bands of Fe(CN)63−, MnO4−, and CrO42− in the visible and ultraviolet are described and interpreted. The apparatus employed combines a superconducting solenoid furnishing maximum f…
Spin-Density Oscillations in Ferromagnetic Alloys. I. "Localized" Solute Atoms: Al, Si, Mn, V, and Cr in Fe
The internal magnetic fields and isomer shifts of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{57}$ nuclei in a number of iron-rich bcc binary alloy systems were measured by the M\"ossbauer technique. The added solute atoms Al, Si, Mn, Cr, or V give structure to the individual lines of the spectra indicating that their effects are quite localized…
Lowest4f→5dTransition of Trivalent Rare-Earth Ions in CaF2Crystals
The lowest $4f\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d$ ultraviolet absorption band of eleven (Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Yb) of the fourteen trivalent rare-earth (RE) ions in host Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ crystals has been measured. The room temperature absorption cross section [${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$] and half-width [${…
Relaxation of Disulfide and Tetrasulfide Polymers
Abstract The chemorheology of crosslinked polyethylene disulfide, polyethylene tetrasulfide, and mixtures of these polymers with elemental sulfur is investigated. It is shown that stress decay in the disulfide polymer occurs by scission of the small quantities of higher polysulfide linkages present in the network. It…
Microtexture and Composition of Reaction Products in the System Kaolin–Lime–Water
Textural and compositional features of reaction products in the system kaolin–lime–water were examined by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Electron micrographs of replicas of fracture surfaces of compacted mixtures and transmission electron micrographs of powdered compacts showed considerable attack of ka…
Dynamic Penetration of Selected Projectiles into Particulate Media
This is an overall study of the whole process of projectile penetration into soil. The governing differential equations for the soil target medium are developed using the equations of motion and the continuity condition. Constitutive relationships are derived from Mohr-Coulomb theory for a rigid plastic material and f…
Exchange-coupled F-centre pairs in magnesium oxide
Exchange-coupled F-centre pairs have been observed in neutron-irradiated magnesium oxide by paramagnetic resonance. Studies of the temperature dependence of the signal intensity indicate that the exchange energy J/k = 80 ± 10°K. The measured spin-Hamiltonian parameters are consistent with the pair of F centres being i…
ANOMALOUS IMAGES IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Calculations of the diffraction contrast to be expected from spherical precipitates and prismatic dislocation loops are reported. If these defects lie close to a foil surface, the effect of the free surface on the image is important. In each case, there exists a certain critical strength of the defect, such that if th…
Kristalline Korrosionsschichten und Korrosionsschutzschichten auf Metallen und ihre Beziehung zur Epitaxie
Abstract Auf Grund vielfach eigener Untersuchungen wird berichtet über: Bildungsbedingungen, Phasenbestände und Epitaxie‐Topotaxie‐Beziehungen von Schichten der atmosphärischen Korrosion, des Angriffs durch Industrieluft mit ihren vielfältigen Reagenzien, des Salzwasser‐, Heißwasser‐ und Heißdampfangriffs und der Hoch…
Thermal Conductivity of SnTe between 100° and 500°K
The thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of several specimens of SnTe have been measured between 100° and 500°K. The thermal conductivity is weakly dependent on both temperature and hole concentration. The total thermal conductivity is separated into an electronic and a lattice therma…