Materials Literature
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Linearized augmented plane wave (LAPW) calculations are performed for periodic (001) and (111) slabs of BaTiO$_3$ to understand the effects of surfaces on ferroelectric BaTiO$_3$. The (111) slab is found to be much less stable than the (001) slab. The average surface energies are respectively 3700 erg/cm$^2$ and 1600…
Motivated by recent experiments by Yuse and Sano (Nature, 362, 329 (1993)), we propose a discrete model of linear springs for studying fracture in thin and elastically isotropic brittle films. The method enables us to draw a map of the stresses in the material. Cracks generated by the model, imposing a moving thermal…
I present an informal discussion of various cases where two-dimensional surface metal-insulator structural and charge-density-wave instabilities driven by partly filled surface states have been advocated. These include reconstructions of clean semiconductor surfaces and of W(100) and Mo(100), as well as anomalies on t…
Carbon nanotube material can now be produced in macroscopic quantities. However, the raw material has a disordered structure, which restricts investigations of both the properties and applications of the nanotubes. A method has been developed to produce thin films of aligned carbon nanotubes. The tubes can be aligned…
The full set of high-energy spectroscopy measurements including X-ray photoelectron valence band spectra and soft X-ray emission valence band spectra of both components of FeSi (Fe K_beta_5, Fe L_alpha, Si K_beta_1,3 and Si L_2,3) are performed and compared with the results of ab-initio band structure calculations usi…
It has been shown previously that the magnetic field outside a spherically symmetric conducting body due to internal current sources does not depend on the profile of conductivity along the radius. It is demonstrated here that an arbitrary distribution of radial anisotropy superimposed on the symmetric conductivity, e…
Surface freezing is discovered in normal alcohol melts and studied using surface X-ray scattering techniques. A single crystalline bilayer is formed on the surface, at temperatures up to 1 °C above the bulk freezing temperature. The single bilayer persists down to bulk freezing. It is hexagonally packed, and the molec…
Diffraction characteristics of high-spatial-frequency (HSF) gratings are evaluated for application to polarization-selective computer-generated holograms by the use of two different approaches: second-order effective-medium theory (EMT) and rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA). The reflectivities and the phase differ…
The properties of guided-mode resonance reflection filters constructed with multiple thin-film layers are addressed. Greatly improved filter characteristics are shown to follow by the incorporation of multiple homogeneous layers with the spatially modulated layer. Calculated results for single-layer, double-layer, and…
The harmonic diffractive lens is a diffractive imaging lens for which the optical path-length transition between adjacent facets is an integer multiple m of the design wavelength λ(o). The total lens thickness in air is mλ(o)/(n - 1), which is m times thicker than the so-called modulo 2π diffractive lens. Lenses const…
Diffractive lenses have been traditionally designed with the first diffracted order. The spectral characteristics of diffractive lenses operating in higher diffracted orders differ significantly from the first-order case. Multiorder diffractive lenses offer a new degree of freedom in the design of broadband and multis…
Diffractive optical structures for increasing the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells are discussed. As a consequence of the indirect band gap, light absorption becomes very ineffective near the band edge. This can be remedied by use of optimized diffraction gratings that lead to light trapping. We present b…
Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” opt…
Abstract Studies of the properties of materials at high strain rates by the split Hopkinson pressure bar suggest that most materials show a sharp increase in strain rate sensitivity at high rates. In this paper, analytical and numerical evidence is presented which shows that his apparent increase in the strain rate se…
Abstract To develop a functional capsule, which can be controlled to release materials entrapped in the inner aqueous space responding to light, partly crosslinked poly(acrylic acid)–poly‐ethylenimine complex capsules containing a copolymer of acrylic acid and bis[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl](4‐vinylphenyl)methyl leucohyd…
Previously, researchers have speculated that genetic engineering can improve the long-term function of vascular grafts which are prone to atherosclerosis and occlusion. In this study, we demonstrated that an intraoperative gene therapy approach using antisense oligodeoxynucleotide blockage of medial smooth muscle cell…
Short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) constitute a large protein family. Presently, at least 57 characterized, highly different enzymes belong to this family and typically exhibit residue identities only at the 15-30% level, indicating early duplicatory origins and extensive divergence. In addition, another fami…
As the perfect complement to the highly acclaimed Environmental Organic Chemistry, this companion volume enriches the textbook with illustrative examples, applications, practical problems, and case studies. Expanded to include treatment of groundwater systems, rivers, and porous media, this work may also serve as a va…
The one-dimensional $\mathrm{O}(2)$ model is the simplest example of a system with topological textures. The model exhibits anomalous ordering dynamics due to the appearance of two characteristic length scales: the phase coherence length $L\ensuremath{\sim}{t}^{1/z}$ and the phase winding length ${L}_{w}\ensuremath{\s…
Thickness dependence (over the range d=1.05 to 0.02 μm) of the coercive electric fields, Ec, of niobium-doped lead-zirconium-titanate (PNZT) films has been investigated in pulsed laser ablated c-axis-oriented PNZT/YBa2Cu3O7−x heterostructures deposited on LaAlO3 substrates. Our studies show that Ec has a d−2/3 depende…