Materials Literature
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Flexoelectric effect in cholesteric liquid crystals can be used to produce optical switching on a microsecond time scale. In a simple geometry, this effect produces a light modulation the amplitude of which is linear in field. The switching time from one optical state to the other is predicted to be independent of the…
Luminescence at energy lower than the absorption edge has been investigated in crystals of GaSe, containing different degrees of lattice disorder, as a function of temperature, of photoexcitation intensity, and of excitation energy. At low excitation intensity, the extrinsic luminescence is composed of broad overlappi…
We introduce a laminate two-layer approach to electrochromic smart windows. It incorporates two glass panes, each having a two-layer coating, laminated by a transparent adhesive solid polymer electrolyte. Each coating has a transparent conducting base layer (In(2)O(3):S(n)) and a top layer of an ion-insertion compound…
We examine one of a number of possible classes of exceptions to the usual rule that non-Arrhenius behavior in supercooled liquids is accompanied by a departure from exponential relaxation kinetics. The exceptions we study are the dielectric relaxations of monohydric alcohols and supercooled water, in which also the di…
Electron-spin-resonance spectra tentatively attributed to self-trapped holes (STH's) in amorphous silicon dioxide are reported and analyzed. Two types of STH's were found in a numerical ratio \ensuremath{\sim}1:1 in all silica samples investigated (including high-OH flame hydrolytic, low-OH ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-plasma f…
We discuss the interpretation of thermoelectric power in heterogeneous media, and using a compilation of many sets of data, we analyze the thermopower of conducting polymers as a function of conductivity and of temperature. For samples of very high conductivity, the thermopower (but not the conductivity) shows typical…
The temperature dependence of the Kapitza resistance (thermal boundary resistance) at the interface between two dissimilar solids is calculated for a model system consisting of two semi-infinite, harmonic fcc lattices in register. The spectral density of phonon flux transmitted across the interface is obtained from a…
Absolute total electron scattering cross sections for molecular hydrogen have been measured at low electron energies using a photoelectron source. The measurements have been carried out at 25 electron energies varying from 0.2 to 10 eV with an accuracy of +or-2.7%. The cross sections obtained in the present experiment…
Thermitase is a thermostable member of the subtilisin protease family. It was found that this enzyme binds very strongly one calcium ion. This metal ion cannot be removed without denaturation by any known method. A second binding site for calcium ions can be depleted partially by gel filtration, similar to the strong…
We present the first theoretical calculations of the electronic structure of long (200 rings) linear chains of polyaniline, ranging in composition from leucoemeraldine to emeraldine, allowing for compositional disorder in that the sequence of quinoid-benzenoid groups is random. We show that random protonation of the d…
Thin diamond films were deposited on silicon, MgO, fused silica, and soda lime silica glass at low temperature (the lowest temperature ∼365 °C) by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The films were identified as diamond by Raman spectroscopy. A Raman peak shift of several wave numbers to either lower…
A novel micropolarizer has been fabricated from alumina and nickel by means of anodization and electroplating techniques. Making use of the anisotropic microstructure of the anodized alumina film, a lattice of nickel columns is easily constructed in the film, which works as a wire grid type polarizer. The fabricated p…
Effective thermal conductivity of copper powders of different particle size has been measured experimentally at room temperature and normal pressure using the transient hot strip method. A variation in the values of the effective thermal conductivity of these powders with their porosities is observed. To explain this…
A transmission electron microscopy study of porous silicon reveals that pores selectively propagate in the 〈100〉 crystallographic directions on both n- and p-type silicon, independent of dopant concentration or anodization conditions.
A method has been proposed for calculation of the optical constants of a thin layer upon a transparent substrate only from the reflection spectrum into the region of transmission of the layer. The envelopes of the maxima of the spectrum R M and of the minima R m are used, taking into account the finite dimensions of t…
Molecular-dynamics simulations of two immiscible fluids confined between solid walls and sheared in a Couette geometry were performed as a function of shear rate for a range of wall and fluid properties. Changes with capillary number in the interface shape and dynamic contact angle were consistent with previous analyt…
A series of organic salts, in which the cation has been designed to have a large molecular hyperpolarizability, has been prepared. Variation of the counterion (anion) in many cases leads to materials with large powder second harmonic generation efficiencies, the highest of which is roughly 1000 times that of a urea re…
The Rutherford back-scattering spectrometry (RBS) technique has been used to investigate radiation-enhanced diffusion (RED) of silver in Ag-doped soda-lime glass bombarded with 9x10 15 ions cm -2 40 Ar + implanted at 280 keV. The depth distribution of Ar impurities was measured. Range and straggling data for 280 keV A…
The influence of the substitution positions of donors and acceptors on quadratic hyperpolarizabilities (β) was simulated by the AM1 method using four types of conjugated long-chain molecules having polydiacetylene structures. The chain-length dependences of β are greatly affected by the molecular type. The molecule, i…
A double-heteroepitaxial Si/γ-Al2O3/Si structure was realized. An epitaxial (100)Si layer with high quality was successfully grown on a (100)γ-Al2O3/(100)Si substrate by Si2H6 gas-source molecular beam epitaxy at substrate temperatures between 700 and 800 °C. The γ-Al2O3/Si substrate was fabricated by low-pressure che…