Materials Literature
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The electronic properties of thin metallic films deviate from the corresponding bulk ones when the film thickness is comparable with the wavelength of the electrons at the Fermi level due to quantum size effects (QSE). QSE are expected to affect the film morphology and structure leading to the low temperature (LT) ``e…
Thermoelectric effects in Kondo insulators are attracting interests because of the emerging possibility of developping better thermoelectric materials for a portable refrigerator without liquid coolant. In this article, the theory of thermoelectric effects are reinvestigated for insulators or semiconductors at low tem…
We show that in mixed-valence 3d transition metal oxides undergoing a structural transition, the low temperature phase results from an effective ordering of the charge. This arrangement and the quantitative evaluation of the atomic charges are determined by using resonant x-ray scattering experiments further analyzed…
Often a number of precipitation processes in steels and alloys occur simultaneously (they have the same origin in time) albeit at different rates. Consequently, isothermic transformations are accompanied, in this case, by the occurrence of second processes of precipitation that influence the changes of the macroscopic…
We discuss the triple-$\vec{q}^X$ structures for the ordered cubic phase of NpO$_2$, which are $Pn{\bar 3}m$ and $Pa{\bar 3}$. A special care should be taken to discriminate between these two cases. We analyze the relevant structure-factor amplitudes and the effect of domains on resonant X-ray scattering experiments.…
SUMMARY: Protein topology cartoons are a representation of structural data commonly used by structural biologists to illustrate the relationship between one-dimensional sequence and three-dimensional structural data in a convenient two-dimensional format. TopDraw is a simple, freely available TCL/Tk based drawing prog…
A quadrupole coupling induced $^{\mathrm{47}}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}$ and $^{\mathrm{49}}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}$ satellite background which transforms into well-defined satellite lines below ${T}_{c}$ in the ferroelectric phase has been observed in the cubic phase of an ultrapure ${\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}\…
The computer program ANIZC has been developed using the Pascal programming language for the calculation of diffraction contrast factors of dislocations in elastically anisotropic cubic, hexagonal and trigonal crystals. The contrast factor is obtained numerically by integrating the angular part of the distortion tensor…
Abstract The nonisothermal crystallization of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT)/isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposites was investigated. The results derived from the differential scanning calorimetry curves (onset temperature, melting point, supercooling, peak temperature, half‐time of crystallization, and enthal…
Hydrophobic cotton fibers, obtained by acylation of cellulose with fatty acid using microwaves radiations, have a high selective affinity for vegetable or mineral oil, fuel, and petroleum, in aqueous medium. Their sorption capacity (SC) (weight of liquid picked up by a given weight of sorbent) is about 20 g/g, after d…
The results of a single-crystal structure determination when in CIF format can now be validated routinely by automatic procedures. In this way, many errors in published papers can be avoided. The validation software generates a set of ALERTS detailing issues to be addressed by the experimenter, author, referee and pub…
A straightforward electrical technique for determining the thermal time constant of microbolometer structures is presented. An impedance measurement of a microbolometer using an LCR meter shows that the phase lag/lead reaches a maximum as a function of frequency. It is shown that the frequency of maximum phase differe…
The paper describes the space charge behavior measured with short period interval up to electrical breakdown in polyethylene film. Positive space charge was formed from the anode near the opposite electrode within 1.2 seconds after voltage application of 30 kV in a HDPE film. Up to electrical breakdown, this positive…
Compressional behavior of fabrics is important in most end uses. The traditional compression testers such as KESF (Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics) and FAST (Fabric Assurance by Simple Testing) systems are used to perform offline static measurements. The principle of online measurement of compressional behavior…
Mainly by analyzing the space charge distribution around water trees, the conductivity and permittivity of water trees are estimated. The conductivity of water-treed polyethylene is found to be more than 10/sup 6/ times higher than non-treed polyethylene, while the permittivity increase is only a few times.
Partial discharge, PD, activity is strongly influenced by the temperature. The analysis of PD phenomenon in a void embedded in an insulating material is a difficult problem because such voids are physically inaccessible. On the basis of a numerical model for the simulation of PD activity, it is possible to give a good…
A copper electroplating process suitable for routine IC manufacturing use must deliver Cu films that reproducibly fill deep, narrow damascene features. In this paper, several important factors such as seed layer coverage, plating waveform (DC, reversed-pulse), and additive chemistry formulation were examined in terms…
Partial discharge monitoring is an effective online predictive maintenance test for motors and generators at 4160 volt and above, as well as other electrical distribution equipment. The benefits of online testing allow for equipment analysis and diagnostics during normal production. Corrective actions can be planned a…
Grain sizes and crystallographic orientations of Cu were analyzed versus line width in damascene Cu interconnects. Pure bamboo lines were not obtained because grain size decreased as line width was reduced. Comparison of electromigration results for wide line CVD Cu (3 /spl mu/m) polycrystalline structures and narrow…
Two kinds of charge decay time constants were experimentally found for interfacial space charge induced by voltage application in an interface between polyethylene and each of other polymers such as EVA, EPR and EPDM. These are named as short time constants and long time constants. The short decay time constants are d…