Materials Literature
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The spherical and chromatic aberrations of a converging electron mirror are of opposite sign from those of electron lenses. This important property makes it possible in principle to compensate the aberrations of electron lenses by means of an electron mirror and to design electron microscopes based on a corrected opti…
High-resolution soft-x-ray photoemission spectra of the C 1s line of graphite have been analyzed to determine the various contributions to the linewidth and line shape. The natural lifetime width \ensuremath{\Gamma} is 210 meV, much larger than those of small molecules (for which \ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{\simeq}…
A simple variational calculation is presented for the ground-state energy of an electron-hole system confined in a microcrystal with finite potential barriers. It is shown that the effect of the penetration of the wave function outside the microcrystal is quite large in the strong-confinement region and is consistent…
A complete analysis of multilayer structures containing an arbitrary number of dielectric, metal, magnetic, and birefringent/dichroic layers is presented. An algorithm, based on simple 2×2 matrices, is derived which allows reflection, transmission, absorption, magneto-optic conversion, birefringence, and dichroism of…
The heats of solution of disordered phases and several stoichiometric compounds have been determined for 12 binary alloys of fcc metals using an analytic embedded-atom-method model with no adjustable parameters. The cohesive energy, vacancy formation energy, lattice constant, bulk modulus, and average shear modulus fo…
The thermodynamic and dynamic properties of a partially deuterated poly(ethylene-propylene)–poly(ethylethylene)(PEP–PEE) diblock copolymer containing 55% by volume PEP were characterized above and below the order–disorder transition (ODT) by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and rheological measurements, respectiv…
A model describing film growth from hyperthermal (\ensuremath{\sim}1--${10}^{3}$ eV) species impinging on substrates is presented. The model involves a shallow subsurface implantation process called ``subplantation,'' energy loss, preferential displacement of atoms with low displacement energy ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{d…
We present a first-principles pseudopotential study of the structural and electronic properties of \ensuremath{\beta}-${\mathrm{Si}}_{3}$${\mathrm{N}}_{4}$ and the hypothetical compound \ensuremath{\beta}-${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$${\mathrm{N}}_{4}$. \ensuremath{\beta}-${\mathrm{C}}_{3}$${\mathrm{N}}_{4}$, which is ${\mathrm{…
Absolute total electron scattering cross sections for water molecules measured in the 25-300 eV incident energy range using a linear electron transmission device are presented. The results are compared with previous data.
Cross sections of RF sputtered MoS 2 thin films are investigated using lattice resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The results are compared with X-ray diffraction measurements. The films have a (001) texture (type II) in the first nanometres near the interface and a conventional (100)…
The off-centre displacement delta of a Li ion in KTaO3 and the surrounding lattice distortion is calculated using a nonlinear shell model developed for the pure lattice. The method of the static lattice Green function is applied and the range of the Li dipole forces is limited to a few lattice constants. A short range…
We report high-resolution angular-resolved electron-energy-loss measurements of the cross section of surface-plasmon excitation. The intensity shows a pronounced minimum as a function of exchanged momentum near ${\mathit{q}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$=0 whose position depends on impact energy and angle of inci…
The preparation and properties of K 2 Ca 2 (SO 4 ) 3 doped with Eu are described. The phosphor is five times more sensitive than CaSO 4 :Dy. It has a linear response, simple glow curve, emission peaking at 415 nm, negligible fading and excellent reusability. It is claimed that this phosphor can replace CaSO 4 :Dy.
A three-dimensional random-tiling icosahedral quasicrystal is studied by a Monte Carlo simulation. The hypothesis of long-range positional order in the system is confirmed through analysis of the finite-size scaling behavior of phason fluctuations and Fourier peak intensities. By investigating the diffuse scattering w…
We have performed angle-resolved photoemission experiments and density-functional band calculations for NiO and CoO. The measured oxygen bands are in excellent agreement with the calculation, but the measured cation 3d dispersion is only about 25% of the calculated one. We have also demonstrated the effects of the ant…
Zinc Borate (2Zn0·3B 2 0 3 ·3.5H 2 0) is a unique multifuntional fire retardant. It can function as a flame retardant, smoke suppressant, afterglow suppressant, as well as an anti-tracking agent in polymers. It has been used extnesively as a fire retardant in PVC, polyolefin, nylon, polyester, epoxy, acrylic, urethane…
Possible routes to major advances in flame retardant efficacy are surveyed with reference to reported instances of unusually effective systems, and with reference to theory. In flame studies, some highly efficient quenching species have been noted. Char formation is a major factor in flame retardancy, and there are se…
Since charring is an important route to flame retardancy, research has been done to better understand why different aromatic engineering polymers yield differing amounts of char upon combustion. Studies were made using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, electron spin resonance, infrared and…
This paper reviews some of the more important models and mechanisms of gas diffusion in rubbery and glassy polymers in light of recent experimental data.
The history of polymer fire retardance is reviewed from its inception with the early Egyptians to the most recent developments in intumescent fire retardants and inherently fire retardant polymers.