Materials Literature
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We describe in situ synthesis and characterization of single-walled BN nanotubes terminated by fullerenelike structures using electron-cyclotron resonance nitrogen and electron beam boron sources onto polycrystalline tungsten substrates. Detailed comparisons of experimental high-resolution electron microscopy images a…
A transparent oxide semiconductor with delafossite structure, CuInO2, was found to exhibit both p-type and n-type conduction by doping of an appropriate impurity and tuning of proper film-deposition conditions. Thin films of Ca-doped or Sn-doped CuInO2 (optical band gap=∼3.9 eV) were prepared on α-Al2O3(001) single cr…
We report measurements on ropes of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in low-resistance contact to nonsuperconducting (normal) metallic pads, at low voltage and at temperatures down to 70 mK. In one sample, we find a 2 orders of magnitude resistance drop below 0.55 K, which is destroyed by a magnetic field of the o…
We present new heat-conduction equations, named ballistic-diffusive equations, which are derived from the Boltzmann equation. We show that the new equations are a better approximation than the Fourier law and the Cattaneo equation for heat conduction at the scales when the device characteristic length, such as film th…
Abstract A model has been developed for calculating the rates of general corrosion of carbon steel and 13%Cr steel in aqueous systems containing carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and other components. The model combines a comprehensive thermodynamic speciation module with electrochemical computations based on the mixed…
Abstract The corrosion of materials by organic acids is complicated by the virtually unlimited number of possible compounds. The corrosion of metals by organic acid is often confounded by trace impurities such as oxygen and metallic salts. This paper concentrates on corrosion by acetic, formic and propionic acids and…
Abstract Tantalum materials have been used in the Chemical Processing Industry (CPI) for over 60 years and continue to be important materials of construction. This paper will discuss tantalum and Ta-2.5W alloy applications that have evolved over the past century to current day applications. Traditional upper limits fo…
Abstract This article first of all summarizes recent changes in the understanding of hydrogen charging and hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) mechanisms : In a completely unexpected manner, hydrogen charging is found to coexist with significant degassing of the metal towards the corrosive medium. The surface reaction 2 Ha…
Abstract The paper describes the synthesis and evaluation of a series of environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors. These products were designed especially to use in North Sea Oil fields and in other environmentally sensitive areas as green inhibitors of CO2 corrosion. More than thirty peptides, some with random a…
Abstract A review is provided on the basics and origin of the 100 mV polarization criterion. Laboratory and field tests that were conducted to validate its authenticity are reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of this criterion are discussed.
Abstract Variability in corrosion rates, 0.1 to 10 mm/year, observed in an electrical submersible pump driven subsea pipeline system culminated in a search for a corrosion inhibitor and treatment program that successfully controls the cumulative impact of multiple types of flow and produced solids. The problems arisin…
Abstract The exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs offshore West Africa will necessitate the application of cathodic protection to structures and equipment installed in deep waters. The design parameters given by the guidelines may need to be revised for projects offshore West Africa. Some results in the literature p…
Abstract A new method is reported to protect carbon steel pipelines for wet transport of sweet and sour gases from internal corrosion up to the top-of-the line (TOL) by using corrosion inhibitors. The method functions not only at turbulent gas flow but also at stratified flow and even under stagnant conditions. Accord…
Abstract Carbon steel should be included as the base case of any hydrocarbon pipeline systems materials selection exercise. It is important that all relevant corrosion management issues are adequately addressed at each stage of the business cycle, to facilitate the safe and cost-effective selection and use of carbon s…
Abstract Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in near neutral pH conditions have been investigated by using notched specimens of some pipeline steels, whose strength grades cover American Petroleum Institute (API) specification 5L B to X80. These steels were manufactured by quenching and tempering (QT), thermomechanical-co…
Abstract In the work, EIS and Tefal techniques were used to study the corrosion inhibitor performance in multiphase flow conditions. The experimental results show that the corrosion product layer without inhibitor is non-protective at a low temperature and low pressure environment. In slug flow at a Froude number of 6…
Abstract Two superduplex stainless steel hubs on a subsea manifold subject to cathodic protection failed as a result of hydrogen embrittlement stress corrosion cracking. A series of tests was performed to establish the threshold condition for cracking. The tests included: (i) constant-load smooth bend tests, (ii) cons…
Abstract In selecting materials for corrosive sour oil field environments, the materials of choice must be reliable and cost-effective. Materials have to meet criteria for corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in service environments for the required service life. Both age-hardened nickel-base alloys and cold…
Abstract Steels containing up to 5% Cr were investigated with respect to their corrosion performance in oil and gas environments. Steels containing 3%Cr or more showed improved corrosion performance over Cr free steel by a factor of two or more in a sweet corrosion environment. 5% Cr steel, however, showed deeper loca…
Abstract The mechanistic model of uniform CO2 corrosion is presented which covers: electrochemical reactions at the steel surface, diffusion of species between the metal surface and the bulk including diffusion through porous surface films, migration due to establishment of potential gradients and homogenous chemical…