Materials Literature
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1 Introduction.- 2 Mathematical groundwork.- 2.1 Tensor calculus.- 2.2 List of useful formulas.- 3 Fundamentals of thermodynamics.- 3.1 System. State. State parameters and functions.- 3.2 The laws of thermodynamics.- 3.3 Nonuniform systems.- 4 Thermodynamics of elastic deformations.- 5 Modes of heat transfer.- 5.1 Rad…
Abstract A temperature‐dependent small‐angle x‐ray scattering and electron microscopic study on a sample of low‐density polyethylene affords a determination of the structure changes in a heating and cooling cycle and suggests a new model of partial crystallization and melting. The analysis of SAXS data is based upon s…
A definition of structural defects in amorphous solids in terms of the distribution of the internal stresses on the atomic level and of the symmetry of the environment of individual atoms is introduced. This definition does not require an ideal reference structure. The concept of the internal stresses on the atomic sc…
Much experimental work has been done on the dielectric breakdown of solid dielectrics, and a number of breakdown theories have been proposed. Many problems, however, still remain on the breakdown process of polymers. Here, the breakdown process of polymers are discussed from the standpoint of the inherent properties o…
We discuss bias-induced threshold switching in chalcogenide-glass thin films, with an emphasis on the unique aspects of this phenomenon. The electronic nature of both the ON state and the recovery process is now clear. In this paper, we also establish the fundamentally electronic origin of the initiation process. An i…
Abstract A discussion of the general properties of the one‐dimensional electron density correlation function K ( z ) of a partially crystalline polymer with lamellar structure shows that application of a graphical extrapolation procedure permits direct determination of the crystallinity, the specific inner surface, an…
Some Elements of Mechanics. Effective Moduli: Spherical Inclusions. Effective Moduli: Cylindrical and Lamellar Systems. Bounds of Effective Moduli and Further Results. Laminates. Analysis, Strength, and Design. Wave Propagation. Inelastic and Non-linear Effects. Effective Thermal Properties. Index.
Ferroelectric smectic C (FSC) liquid crystals are used in a simple new geometry that allows the spontaneous formation of either of two surface-stabilized smectic C monodomains of opposite ferroelectric polarization. These domains are separated by well-defined walls which may be manipulated with an applied electric fie…
Our current understanding of catalysis on supported metals is reviewed, and the three most important problems still outstanding in this area of catalysts are discussed: 1) the sintering mechanism of the supported metals, 2) the structure and catalytic properties of small metallic crystals, and 3) catalysis by metal cl…
Nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)(4)] is a toxic gas used in the manufacture of metallic nickel which has been shown to be carcinogenic and teratogenic in laboratory studies. Its decomposition in air proceeds at a rate that is strongly dependent on the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO). In the absence of CO, the lifetime in…
Three notable new developments in magnetic alloys are highlighted. These include rare earth-cobalt permanent magnets with maximum energy products up to 240 kilojoules per cubic meter; chromium-cobalt-iron permanent magnets that have magnetic properties similar to those of the Alnicos, but contain only about half as mu…
Fiber-reinforced composites are an emerging new class of engineering materials. The ability to tailor-make composite materials and structures offers exciting opportunities for a broad spectrum of industrial applications. This article reviews the nature of fiber-reinforced polymer composites, their characteristics and…
Recent research has shown that polymers, normally thought of as being insulators, exhibit a wide range of electrical conductive properties.
The unique properties of ceramics based on silicon carbide and silicon nitride make them prime candidates for use in advanced energy conversion systems. These compounds are the bases for broad families of engineering materials, whose properties are reviewed. The relationships between processing, microstructure, and pr…
Diamond or cubic boron nitride particles can be sintered into strong masses at high temperatures and very high pressures at which these crystalline forms are stable. Most of the desirable physical properties of the sintered masses, such as hardness and thermal conductivity, approach those of large single crystals; the…
Abstract The kinetics of hydrogen peroxide decomposition was followed in the presence of perchloric acid. The reaction was of second order with respect to the initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide and of first order with respect to the concentration of perchloric acid; the determined activation energy was 102.5 k…
Abstract A polyesterimide was prepared by reacting 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane with trimellitic acid anhydride in ethylene glycol, which acts as an esterification reagent as well as a solvent. The solution and thermal behaviour, and a few other properties were studied. The polymer was found to be soluble in highly pol…
The aggregation of nitrogen in type Ib diamond, at 1500 degrees C in vacuo, has been investigated for natural and synthetic samples containing around 50 ppm and 500 ppm isolated substitutional nitrogen respectively. The rate constant for the aggregation process in untreated diamonds is very much less than that reporte…
Experimental results for the low temperature thermally stimulated luminescence of a single crystal ZnS specimen are presented. The analysis of these by conventional methods indicates the inadequacy of the basic single centre model. An extension of this model to include two overlapping states is developed and the exper…
Single crystals and polycrystalline Bi2WO6 samples are used to measure the dielectric constant, loss, and electrical conductivity, over a wide range of temperature, oxygen partial pressure in ambient atmosphere, and frequency of the measuring electric field. Maxima of the dielectric constant are observed at phase tran…