Materials Literature
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Grain sizes and crystallographic orientations of Cu were analyzed versus line width in damascene Cu interconnects. Pure bamboo lines were not obtained because grain size decreased as line width was reduced. Comparison of electromigration results for wide line CVD Cu (3 /spl mu/m) polycrystalline structures and narrow…
Two kinds of charge decay time constants were experimentally found for interfacial space charge induced by voltage application in an interface between polyethylene and each of other polymers such as EVA, EPR and EPDM. These are named as short time constants and long time constants. The short decay time constants are d…
Insulation systems for electrical distribution transformers are being re-evaluated based on their total life cycle cost from both an economical and an environmental perspective. Due to the inherently higher efficiency design offered by liquid cooled transformers, development has focused on fluids having improved envir…
Crosslinked polydimethylsiloxane, with two different crosslink densities (M~/sub c/), have been repeatedly exposed to corona discharges. Between each exposure the specimens were allowed to rest for at least 1000 h allowing recovery of hydrophobicity. The material with the dense network (M~/sub c/: 700 g/spl middot/mol…
This paper describes experiments performed on laboratory aged Rogowski test objects. Results from measurements of residual AC breakdown strength, degree of water treeing and the dielectric response are presented. The main reason for performing laboratory ageing was to facilitate diagnostic testing as a function of age…
An experimental apparatus has been designed and built to accurately measure losses in magnetic components. The apparatus consists of a highly conductive pedestal on which the device under test (DUT) is mounted. A heat flux sensor placed under the pedestal is used to measure the total heat generated in the DUT. The ped…
AC losses due to nonsinusoidal current waveforms have been found by calculating the losses at harmonic frequencies when the Fourier coefficients are known. An optimized foil or layer thickness in a winding may be found by applying the Fourier analysis over a range of thickness values. This paper presents a new formula…
We have developed a forceps system which includes an active mechanism. This forceps is intended to assist the physician during laparoscopic surgery, and is constructed of four shape-memory alloy tubes. The temperature of the Ti-Ni shape-memory alloy is controlled electrically, achieving a fast response. The paper desc…
The magnetocaloric effect in high spin Mn 12 2Cl-benzoate clusters was studied. We observed a high entropy change around the blocking temperature of the magnetization. Theoretical simulations indicate the shift of the entropy change with the sweeping rate of the magnetic field.
This paper proposes equivalent circuits to represent the external electrical behaviour of multiwinding transformers. All aspects of the linear behaviour, including resonances and inter-winding devices to currents, are taken into account. The global physical components approach leads to general lumped element circuits…
As the R/sub p/ of ion implants steadily decreases, an ever-increasing percentage of the implant species lies in the oxide layer and is, therefore, not electrically active. For this reason it is important to have analytical techniques capable of accurately measuring the thickness of ultrathin oxide layers. A round-rob…
Practical implementation of fiber-endface waveguide gratings entails thin-film deposition and diffraction grating fabrication. Homogeneous dielectric thin-film coatings deposited on fiber endfaces are commercially available for applications such as antireflection coatings or spectral filtering. However, fabrication of…
Abstract The rheological behavior of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) compounds containing ground EPDM waste (W‐EPDM) of known composition was studied by using a Monsanto processability tester in a temperature range of 90–110°C and a shear rate range of 306.7–1533.24 s −1 . It is found that the shear viscosity…
The plasma-chemical hybrid process developed was extremely effective and economical in comparison with the conventional selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system and other technologies for NO/sub x/ removal from thermal power plant flue gas emissions. A series of experiments were performed to quantify all the reactio…
Abstract In an attempt to provide polyolefins such as low‐ and high‐density polyethylene and polypropylene with autohesive properties, hydrophilic monomers such as methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylic acid (AA), and 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were photografted onto their surfaces. The wettabilities of the…
Ceramic insulators installed in a 400 kV line located in a semidesertic area in Monterrey, Mexico have registered flashover caused during critical pollution (high amount of low solubility material) and wetting conditions (dense fog). In previous studies, the contaminant deposited on these insulators was chemically and…
Thermal modeling of device packages requires accurate thermophysical property data for package materials. Accurate data for the thermal resistance of the adhesive bondline used to attach a high power device to a substrate is critical because this thermal resistance can be a significant part of the total thermal resist…
As interconnect feature sizes continue to scale to smaller dimensions, long interconnect can dominate the IC timing performance, but the interconnect parameter variations make it difficult to predict these dominant delay extremes. This paper presents a model order-reduction technique for RLC interconnect circuits that…
The demand on thermoplastic encapsulation of coils and electronic devices has been increased recently as an alternative to thermosets for electrical insulation, heat dissipation and physical protection of the encapsulated devices from harsh environmental operating conditions. Compared with thermosets, thermoplastics o…
We have introduced a theoretical scheme for the efficient description of the optical response of a cluster based on the time-dependent density functional theory. The practical implementation is done by means of the fully fledged time-dependent local density approximation scheme, which is solved directly in the time do…