Materials Literature
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The concept of functionally graded materials (FGMs), originally developed for the purpose of reducing thermal stress, has now greatly expanded and is being applied to the development of electrical, optical, magnetic, and biochemical materials. Here in Japan, several FGM research projects have been promoted with the su…
Analytic solutions to the mathematical model of an electrochemical capacitor (EC) are used to study cell performance under two types of operating conditions: ( i ) constant current and ( ii ) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The analytic solution under constant‐current operation is used to investigate the relat…
The heteropolyanions [Bi 2 W 22 O 74 (OH) 2 ] 12 - ( 1 ) and [X 2 W 20 M 2 O 70 (H 2 O) 6 ] (14 - 2 n ) - (X = Sb 3+, Bi 3+; M n + = Fe 3+, Co 2+, Zn 2+ ) ( 2 − 7 ) have been synthesized as alkali metal and ammonium salts, respectively, and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray crystall…
The kinetics of laser-stimulated luminescence (LSL) of yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia single crystals is investigated. Excitation of ZrO2⋅9.5%Y2O3(100) and (110) using ns pulses of 213 nm (5.82 eV), 266 nm (4.66 eV), and 355 nm (3.49 eV) photons produce LSL bands with Gaussian profiles and peak maxima at 460 nm (2.6…
When two binary solutions are separated by a permeable barrier, the individual species typically diffuse and mix, dissipating their chemical potential gradients. However, we use model lattice simulations to show that single-file molecular-sized channels (such biomembrane channels and zeolites) can exhibit diffusional…
RNiO 3 nickelates have been prepared under high oxygen pressure (R = Sm, Eu, Gd) or high hydrostatic pressure (R = Dy, Ho, Y) in the presence of KClO 4 . The samples have been investigated at room temperature (RT) by synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction to follow the evolution of the crystal structures and microstruct…
Reaction of cis -[Fe III (cyclam)Cl 2 ]Cl in acidic H 2 O/CH 3 OH or CH 3 CN/H 2 O mixtures with NaN 3 at 50 °C produced upon addition of NaClO 4 or NaPF 6 the complex trans -[Fe III (cyclam)(N 3 ) 2 ]ClO 4 ( 1a ) or the hexafluorophosphate salt 1b, whereas at −18 °C the same reaction produced cis -[Fe III (cyclam)(N…
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was prepared in a completely heterogeneous procedure in an isopropanol/water slurry and the influence of the reaction conditions on the pattern of functionalization within the anhydroglucose repeating unit as well as due to the formation of the four main repeating units (i. e. unfunctional…
Large-size ceramic/metal bulk FGMs have been fabricated on a recently developed and world's largest Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) system. According to the development program for practical production processes and machines for FGMs by SPS, the processes, mechanical properties, dimensional size and shape effects, and pr…
Abstract Nanofibers of aromatic heterocyclic PBI (poly(2,2′(m‐phenylene)‐5,5′ bibenzimidazole)) polymer were made by an electrospinning process. The diameter of the fibers was around 300 nanometers. A liquid jet of a polymer solution, formed when electrical force overcame surface tension, stretched and dried as the so…
The production and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in axenic batch cultures of the benthic marine epipelic diatoms Navicula salinarum and Cylindrotheca closterium were investigated. EPS was secreted into the medium and the bulk was loosely associated with the cells. Neither N. salinarum nor C.…
Simulations that model the effects of conformational strain on the chemical reactivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes suggest a method for significantly enhancing their reactivity locally by controlled deformations. The chemisorption of hydrogen atoms is predicted to be enhanced by as much as 1.6 eV at regions of h…
The design and fabrication of a micropolarizer array for imaging polarimetry is described for the 3–5-µm-wavelength region. Each micropolarizer consists of a 475-nm-period Mo wire grid in a 16 µm×16 µm aperture. Interference lithography is used to generate the small grating features through an etch mask layer. Arrays…
Abstract Fillers, when added to polymer systems, are known to cause a considerable change in dynamic properties. For a given polymer and cure system, this paper discusses the impact of the filler network, both its strength and architecture, on the dynamic modulus and hysteresis during dynamic strain. It was found that…
The preparation of aligned and/or micropatterned carbon nanotubes is important to applications ranging from nanocomposites to field-emitting displays. By pyrolysis of iron (II) phthalocyanine under Ar/H 2 at 800−1100 °C, we have synthesized large arrays of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on various substrates, inc…
▪ Abstract Mixed-layer clay minerals are intermediate products of reactions involving pure end-member clays. They come from natural environments ranging from surface to low-grade metamorphic and hydrothermal conditions. Most often mixed layering is essentially two component, but more complicated interstratifications h…
The promise of low dimensional thermoelectric materials for enhanced performance is reviewed, with particular attention given to quantum wells and quantum wires. The high potential of bismuth as a low-dimensional thermoelectric material is discussed.
We report here on the theoretical performance of blazed binary diffractive elements composed of pillars carefully arranged on a two-dimensional grid whose period is smaller than the structural cutoff. These diffractive elements operate under unpolarized light. For a given grating geometry, the structural cutoff is a p…
Room-temperature infrared luminescence with high quantum yield (48 %) has been observed from HgTe nanocrystals. The colloidal preparation, reported for the first time, gave rise to nanocrystals of size 3 to 6 nm with coloradoite structure. The thiol-capped quantum dots, precipitated as a white powder from the colloida…
Corrosion rate data for mild steel corrosion inhibitors in carbonated brine media were fitted to the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The fundamental constants of the Temkin adsorption isotherm, i.e., molecular interaction and adsorption equilibrium constants, were used to glean important information about the behavior of…