Materials Literature
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In near-bamboo lines, electromigration-induced damage initiates at polygranular clusters which are longer than a critical length and which act as fast-diffusion segments. It has been proposed that two neighboring subcritical clusters can also lead to damage through the interaction of their stress fields. In order to p…
The kinetics of the nucleation and growth of a new phase in the course of a first-order phase transition in a solid is described. The growing center of a new phase is very oblate, because this shape lowers the elastic energy of the deformations which arise due to the difference in the densities of the two phases. An a…
This article reports variations of the leakage current density of Pt/40 nm-(Ba,Sr)TiO3/Pt capacitors after annealing under a N2 atmosphere containing oxygen of about 0.01 ppm. Annealing a capacitor under a N2 atmosphere at 750 °C for 30 min results in an increase of the leakage current density at 1.5 V by more than si…
The complex shear modulus was measured for four low molecular-weight polystyrenes (Mw = 10,500, 5970, 2630, and 1050) near and above the glass transition temperature. For the lowest molecular weight sample, the method of reduced variables, the time–temperature superposition principle, was applicable, while it was not…
Transparent and stoichiometric lead-magnesium-niobate crystals were grown by the Bridgman method. Crystals of centimeter size were obtained without material loss by employing self-seeded and seeded techniques using sealed platinum crucibles. The fastest growth direction was found to be pseudocubic 〈111〉. As-grown crys…
The ceramic compound ${\mathrm{TiB}}_{2}$ has been studied by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy. Spectral shapes in the vicinity of the $\mathrm{B} K$ edge with momentum transfer $\mathbf{q}\ensuremath{\Vert}c$ and $\mathbf{q}\ensuremath{\perp}c$ have been investigated and compared with decomposed, calculated spectra.…
We studied the effect of long-term cropping, fertilisation, and manuring on kinetics of nonexchangeable potassium (K) release from a Tropaquept in 0·01 M CaCl2 and 0·01 M citric acid media under a rice–rice cropping system in an experiment started in 1971. Under continuous cropping, the cumulative K release from the s…
The stable smectic configurations associated with achiral bent-shaped molecules are investigated theoretically. Five different configurations of the molecules within the layers are found, among which two possess a spontaneous longitudinal polarization, consistent with the $\stackrel{^}{n}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensur…
The influence of the first and second cubic anisotropy constants on the hysteresis loops of noninteracting single-domain magnetic particles is studied by Monte Carlo simulation, which turns out to be a very powerful method for studying simple magnetic models. Both signs in the anisotropy constants are taken into accou…
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) theory is used for describing the electron transport in crystalline solids with the purpose of determining the electron attenuation length. The inelastic scattering of the primary electron in the electron gas of the material is introduced into the LEED theory in terms of the elec…
A variety of electron-spin-resonance (ESR) spectra of dangling bond $(g=2.0055)$ in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon $(a\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}:\mathrm{H})$ have been measured by the echo-detected ESR of pulsed ESR as well as the usual continuous-wave (cw) ESR for a wide range of two experimental para…
The valence band width of graphite is determined with high accuracy by imaging the momentum distribution of photoelectrons for various binding energies. Compared to local-density-functional theory, the experimental band width (22.0 eV) is stretched by about 11%. Quasiparticle calculations, which properly describe elec…
Second harmonic generation has been examined for 30ZnO⋅70TeO2 glass with a two-step poling procedure in order to understand the poling temperature dependence of second harmonic intensity. When the poling temperature increases, the second harmonic intensity increases, manifests a maximum at the temperature which we cal…
A nonlinear optical crystal YCa(4)O(BO(3))(3) (YCOB) is phase matchable for third-harmonic generation (THG) of a Nd:YAG laser by type I mixing between 1.064 and 0.532mum . By partial substitution of Gd for Y in YCOB, a solid solution Gd(x)Y(1-x)Ca(4)O(BO(3))(3) gradually changes the phase-matching angles of THG to (th…
In this paper we establish a Morse decomposition of the stationary solutions of the one-dimensional viscous Cahn-Hilliard equation by explicit energy calculations. Strong non-degeneracy of the stationary solutions is proven away from turning points and points of bifurcation from the homogeneous state and the dimension…
Sound attenuation and internal friction coefficients are calculated for a realistic model of amorphous silicon. It is found that, contrary to previous views, thermal vibrations can induce sound attenuation at ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies that is of the same order or even larger than in crystals. The reason is…
The discovery of single–bubble sonoluminescence has led to a renewed interest in the forced radial oscillations of gas bubbles. Many of the more recent studies devoted to this topic have used several simplifications in the modelling, and in particular in accounting for liquid compressibility and thermal processes in t…
Minor addition of Cu to Nd4.5Fe77B18.5 melt-spun alloy is effective on reducing the grain size of the Fe3B/Nd2Fe14B nanocomposite permanent magnet produced via the crystallization route from the amorphous phase, thereby improving hard magnetic properties. Three-dimensional atom probe and transmission electron microsco…
Recent observations of the collapse of single bubbles or clouds of cavities trapped within stationary acoustic fields have shown the production of light and these phenomena have been dubbed single– or multiple–bubble sonoluminescence. The experimental observation of the variations in the bubble radius with time, with…
Optical absorption and luminescence experiments were used to study the photoconversion of neutral oxygen vacancies (F centers) in MgO single crystals thermochemically reduced at elevated temperatures. In crystals with an undetectable concentration of hydride ions and a moderate concentration of F centers $(\ensuremath…