Materials Literature
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We have investigated the possibility afforded by epitaxial ferroelectric oxide thin films to control and image locally the polarization field of ferroelectrics over large areas with submicron resolution, using the metallic tip of an atomic force microscope as a mobile top electrode and local probe of the ferroelectric…
A two-dimensional thermodynamic model was developed to account for the observed difficulty in the fabrication of epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin films in which tetragonal and rhombohedral phases coexist. The thermodynamic formalism based on the Landau–Devonshire’s phenomenological theory predicts the enhanced thermod…
Our extended electrical conductivity and viscosity measurements have revealed a general fractional power relation between them in pure and mixed ionic melts: $\ensuremath{\sigma}T\ensuremath{\propto}(T/\ensuremath{\eta}{)}^{m}$ ( $m\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$…
Measurements of the temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power and the resistivity of ${}^{18}\mathrm{O}{/}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ isotope-exchanged $({\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Nd}}_{x}{)}_{0.7}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.3}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ samples have confirmed the existence of vibronic electronic states bel…
We report STM-induced desorption of H from $\mathrm{Si}\left(100\right)\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{H}\left(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1\right)$ at negative sample bias. The desorption rate exhibits a power-law dependence on current and a maximum desorption rate at $\ensuremath{-}7\mathrm{V}$. The desorption is expla…
The notion of magnetic symmetry is reexamined in light of the recent observation of long-range magnetic order in icosahedral quasicrystals [Charrier et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4637 (1997)]. The relation between the symmetry of a magnetically ordered (periodic or quasiperiodic) crystal, given in terms of a ``spin spa…
Abstract Ceramic matrix composites are being developed to operate at elevated temperatures and in oxidizing environments. Considerable improvements are being made in the creep resistance of SiC fibers and hence in the high-temperature properties of SiC/SiC composites; however, more needs to be known about the stabilit…
Abstract The relationship between biomineralization and microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is intuitive—microorganisms influence corrosion by both forming and dissolving minerals. Biomineralization that results in mineral deposition on a metal surface can shift the corrosion potential in either a positive or…
Abstract The effect of zinc addition to the primary water on Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC) susceptibility and crack growth rate of mill annealed alloy 600 (600MA), covered with oxide film which were formed beforehand in the simulated PWR primary chemistry for long time, were examined in the chemistry…
Abstract Effects of flow velocity on corrosion and galvanic corrosion behavior in wet CO2 environments were investigated using flow loop tester for materials and material combinations from carbon steels to corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) more than 13%Cr stainless steels. The flow velocity dependence of corrosion rat…
Abstract The efficiency of an inhibitor was evaluated on precorroded samples at different temperatures, pH values and flow velocities. A procedure based on the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and rotating cylinder electrodes was implemented in order to study the effect of these variables. An experi…
Abstract The wettability of carbon steel surfaces with aqueous media (distilled water, brines) and hydrocarbon media (crude oils) was studied under CO2 corrosion conditions at 75 and 80°C and 5 bar CO2 with respect to the effect of surface active compounds (inhibitors, demulsifiers) by quasi-insitu and insitu contact…
Abstract This program evaluated the effectiveness of long term cathodic protection (CP) to mitigate corrosion under a disbonded coating that contains an adjacent holiday and is immersed in a high resistivity soil environment. The parameters that were varied included environment resistivity and applied current density.…
Abstract There are several chemical plants along the river Rhine that use river water as coolant in once through-systems. Microbially Influenced Corrosion (MIC) failures occur on stainless steel pipes and also in heat exchanger tubes coming in contact with this cooling water. This paper presents results of failure ana…
Abstract Conservative, practical guidelines for the minimum water content required to prevent methanolic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ti-6Al-4V-Ru and Ti-3Al-2.5V-Ru alloy tubulars have been developed from slow strain rate testing in plain and acidified NaCl-saturated methanol-water solutions at 25°C. A minimum…
Abstract A mechanistic model was developed for predicting carbon dioxide corrosion rates of carbon steel pipes in multiphase flow conditions. The model incorporates the chemistry, thermodynamics of carbon dioxide dissolution, multiphase mass transfer, electrochemical kinetics on the metal surface and the presence of a…
Abstract It is widely accepted that sulfate reducers, acid producers, metal oxidizers and certain other bacteria can contribute to corrosion. However, it is far from clear how biological activity influences corrosion processes, how much metal loss is caused by bacteria, and most importantly, how microbial attack can b…
Abstract Failure analysis of corroded well tubing steel grade L-80, removed from three separate seawater injection wells on two of our operated fields has revealed the importance of steel microstructure and alloying chemistry. In the first seawater injection well, marked differences in the severity of the corrosion da…
Abstract A large amount of effort has been invested trying to understand the mechanisms through which CO2 and H2S act upon metallic surfaces. These efforts have led to different models, correlations or charts. However, present knowledge on the exact form under which these gases react on metal surfaces is far from comp…
Abstract Silica is becoming the critical limiting factor in the reuse of water. Silica deposit is caused as a result of its polymerization, coprecipitation with other minerals, precipitation with other multivalent ions, and biological activity in the water. Several of these processes may take place concurrently, makin…