Materials Literature
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Abstract In subsea oil and gas production, both corrosion inhibitors and hydrate inhibitors are used for chemical treatment due to the severe conditions encountered. Performance is traditionally measured separately due to the low CO2 corrosion rates at temperatures where hydrates form, resulting in plugged flowlines.…
Abstract Seawater is an aggressive, complex fluid that affects nearly all common structural materials to some extent. There are two competing processes that operate simultaneously in seawater environments: (1) the chloride ion activity tends to destroy the passive film, and (2) dissolved oxygen, which acts to promote…
Abstract A multielectrode localized corrosion sensor was developed and used for comparing localized corrosion of Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys in chloride solutions. Experimental results indicated that the coupled multielectrode sensor provides a rapid real-time response to changes in temperature and salt concentration. It was d…
Abstract These first explicit measurements of permeation on thin membranes have so far raised more questions than they have answered. In particular, thin membranes demand more accurate measuring techniques, and a simple transposition of the methods employed for thick membranes is not always sufficient. Similarly, stri…
Abstract Manganese dioxide is deposited by chemical and biological oxidation of dissolved manganese that occurs naturally in surface and groundwaters throughout the United States. In industrial cooling systems, manganese scales degrade heat exchanger performance and are commonly held to promote corrosion due to format…
Abstract It is recognised that chemical interactions between scale inhibitor (SI) and corrosion inhibitor (CI) result in a reduction in the performance efficiency of both chemicals. As reservoir production systems become ever more complex, the requirements for chemical compatibility become greater. This is a particula…
Abstract Injection of nitrate or nitrite into oil reservoirs can reduce the sulfide concentration through the activity of nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. These inhibit sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), but appear to contribute also to increased corrosion risk. Combinations of nitrate or nitrite with other…
Abstract Titanium, at long last, is now being viewed, accepted and used as a material for the prevention of corrosion, the reduction and elimination of major corrosion related maintenance issues and for the advantages it offers in weight savings, replacement costs and life cycle cost benefits. This presentation focuse…
Abstract Corrosion inhibitor tests typically evaluate performance with respect to general corrosion. However, pipeline failures in oil and gas production are predominantly caused by localised corrosion, not general corrosion. A novel evaluation technique, based on an artificial pit electrode, has been developed for in…
Abstract With flush mounted microelectrodes positioned in different distances from the center of a submerged jet, the wall shear stress distribution on the impinged surface can be measured up to jet nozzle flow velocities of 20 m/s with high lateral resolution. The paper shows for the first time that instead of using…
Abstract Low Cr (3 to 5%) bearing steels have been developed and used in CO2 environment as materials to meet “Fitness for Purpose”. As well as CO2 corrosion resistance, sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSC) resistance and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of steel have also been important in the oil and ga…
Abstract A case history is described involving microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of AISI Type 304L stainless steel piping failure after being in contact with untreated stagnant, low chloride potable water for nine months. The term MIC is used to designate corrosion resulting from the presence and activities…
Abstract Flow loop corrosion experiments with carbon steel have been carried out in CO2 environments with H2S levels below the NACE sour limit of 3 mbar H2S (“semi-sour” environments). The presence of 0.5 – 1.5 mbar H2S in loop experiments with up to 2 bar CO2 and temperatures up to 80°C resulted in slightly higher co…
Abstract The risks of AC corrosion and overprotection are increasing on cathodically protected buried steel pipelines, due to the increased cases of installing pipelines in proximity to high voltage AC power transmission lines and DC/AC powered rail transit systems. Based on field and laboratory studies as well as lit…
Abstract The inhibiting effect of several crude oils on CO2 corrosion was studied at different crude oil/water ratios. A statistical analysis showed an important difference between paraffinic and asphaltenic crude oils from the mechanistic point of view, with new findings on the variables that mostly influence the cor…
Abstract An internal corrosion assessment methodology applied to gas transmission systems was developed and is termed ‘Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment’ (ICDA). The ICDA method can be used to enhance the assessment of internal corrosion in pipelines and help ensure pipeline integrity. The method is applicable for…
Abstract The influence of yield strength on stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel is important because of surface cold work, bulk cold work, weld shrinkage strain, and irradiation hardening. To this end, stress corrosion crack growth rate measurements were performed in high temperature, ultra high purity water…
Abstract Inorganic precipitates (scales) are one of the major flow assurance concerns in offshore oil and gas production, and lead to significant reductions in productivity and costly workovers if allowed to form uncontrolled. Scale prevention by the use of chemical inhibitors, applied either by continual injection or…
Abstract The influence of acetate ion on the rate of corrosion of carbon steel (X65) in 3 % NaCl brine saturated with carbon dioxide has been investigated using voltammetry at a rotating disc electrode. It is shown that the rate of corrosion can only be understood if it is recognised that the cathodic process in the s…
Abstract A model of iron carbonate (FeCO3) film growth is proposed, which is an extension of the recent mechanistic model of CO2 corrosion by Nesic et al.1. In the present model the film growth occurs by precipitation of iron carbonate once saturation is exceeded. The kinetics of precipitation is dependent on temperat…