Materials Literature
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Abstract It is widely accepted that sulfate reducers, acid producers, metal oxidizers and certain other bacteria can contribute to corrosion. However, it is far from clear how biological activity influences corrosion processes, how much metal loss is caused by bacteria, and most importantly, how microbial attack can b…
Abstract Failure analysis of corroded well tubing steel grade L-80, removed from three separate seawater injection wells on two of our operated fields has revealed the importance of steel microstructure and alloying chemistry. In the first seawater injection well, marked differences in the severity of the corrosion da…
Abstract A large amount of effort has been invested trying to understand the mechanisms through which CO2 and H2S act upon metallic surfaces. These efforts have led to different models, correlations or charts. However, present knowledge on the exact form under which these gases react on metal surfaces is far from comp…
Abstract Silica is becoming the critical limiting factor in the reuse of water. Silica deposit is caused as a result of its polymerization, coprecipitation with other minerals, precipitation with other multivalent ions, and biological activity in the water. Several of these processes may take place concurrently, makin…
Abstract The overpack that geologically stores the canisters containing vitrified high-level radioactive waste (HLW) for super-long term disposal is demanded of being able to hold the canisters securely for at least 1,000 years. For such a service, the greatest as well as essentially the sole factor that can mar the o…
Abstract Stainless steels are an important group of materials for seawater systems. This group of materials, including high alloyed austenitic and superduplex type materials, was primarily introduced with the aim to reduce maintenance costs involved with materials as carbon steel with internal linings and coatings. Ho…
The UV photodesorption of methyl halides from TiO2(110) has been investigated using quadrupole mass spectrometry. For low fluence irradiation (<800 μJ/cm2) and ⩽1 ML coverages of methyl iodide, the photodesorption yield decreases exponentially with photon dose, indicating a nonthermal, single-photon process. Th…
Abstract CO2 corrosion of carbon steel and its inhibition in mixtures of water and ethylene glycol (MEG) or diethylene glycol (DEG) has been studied at 1 bar CO2, 25 °C, pH 5 under natural convection conditions. Corrosion rates predicted by the glycol at 1 bar CO2,25 °C, pH 5 under natural convection agreement with th…
Abstract The initiation and development of mesa corrosion attack during CO2 corrosion of carbon steel has been studied in flow loop experiments performed at 80 °C and pH 5.8. Video recordings of growing mesa attacks have been performed in a test section with a glass window in the corrosion loop. These observations hav…
Abstract Electrochemical noise techniques have been used to study corrosion related processes since the early 1980's. Preliminary studies of the electrochemical characteristics of localised corrosion phenomena, in particular pitting and cavitation attack, established the sensitivity of the technique for the detection…
The agglomeration of small silver clusters in noble gas matrices to form larger ones may be accompanied by the emission of light. Spectral analysis reveals that part of radiation intensity can be attributed to fluorescence from excited metal atoms, dimers and trimers the formation of which results from cluster/cluster…
Abstract This report will present a review of current research in the field of scale control. The report will give special emphasis to the areas of scale inhibition, scale squeeze treatments, predicting scale deposition and removing scale deposits. Recent developments that are of particular to the oil industry are dis…
Abstract Numerous breakthroughs in environmental protection and pollution prevention have been realized in recent years by both industry and academia through the application of green chemistry principles. Green chemistry, or pollution prevention at the molecular level, is chemistry designed to reduce or eliminate the…
The molecular dynamics of an oligomeric poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) melt confined to nanopores (pore dimensions 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 nm) is studied by broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Because poly(propylene glycol) has an in chain dipole moment, the molecular motion of the whole chain (normal mode relaxation) can be m…
Abstract Four commercially available, water soluble corrosion inhibitors for CO2 corrosion have been tested in the laboratory on carbon steel specimens that were corroded for up to 18 days in the medium prior to inhibitor addition. The tests were performed at 20-50 °C, pH 5, 1 bar CO2, 1-3 w% NaCl in glass cells and a…
The free energies of two low pressure ice forms are calculated over a wide range of temperatures in order to explain relative stability and their negative thermal expansivities in the low temperature regime. One-hundred proton-disordered configurations for hexagonal and cubic ices are generated. The Helmholtz free ene…
Abstract A comprehensive computational procedure and a computer program for predicting corrosion rates of carbon steel pipes by CO2 containing flowing fluids in oil and gas field conditions has been developed. The computational procedure is based on a mechanistic model for CO2 corrosion and is developed starting from…
Abstract Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has long been associated with the cause of corrosion damage and sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in high strength steels and high hardness weldments used in oil and gas production, petroleum refining, and petrochemical/chemical processing. Other applications where sulfide species have prod…
Abstract The corrosion rate of carbon steel in CO2 containing environments depends very much on the formation of protective corrosion product films. The parameters affecting film formation have been studied in a large number of flow loop experiments performed in the temperature range 20-120 °C. Film formation is a com…
We have investigated the chemical mechanism of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on an atomically smooth metal surface using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and molecular spectroscopy simulations. The EEL spectra of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) adsorbed on Cu(100) and Cu(111) are reported. Simulatio…