Materials Literature
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The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) regulations (Regulations) were primarily written with the objective of specifying regulatory requirements governing preparation of Environmental Impact Statements (EISs). The focus was clearly on preparing EISs. Given this focus, only limited attention was devoted to descri…
Arcs are self-sustaining DC discharges, but in contrast to glow discharges they have low cathode fall voltage of about 10 eV, which corresponds to the ionization potential. Arc cathodes emit electrons by intense thermionic and field emission; these are able to provide high cathode current already close to the total di…
Since the discovery of the piezoelectric effect of crystals by Pierre and Jacques in 1880, a signifi cant progress has been made both in terms of the material itself and its applications. Piezoelectricity is an electromechanical phenomenon that involves interaction between the mechanical (elastic) and the electrical b…
Numerous pharmacological active compounds have been discovered, isolated, and synthesized in the last few decades. Many of these promising compounds did not advance beyond the laboratory bench to the clinical setting because of dif culties in nding a suitable delivery system. The colloidal drug delivery system (DDS) p…
Technological and social developments of humankind have been well supported by the discovery of new sources of energy and its proper application in day-to-day life. Since the rst installation of electricity grids by Edison, Tesla, and Westinghouse almost 130 years ago, our society has been driven by this source of en…
In his comprehensive article on the historical development of stability theory, Michel points to a number of milestones that in±uence the evolution of the theory of feedback control: Michel, A.N., Stability: The common thread in the evolution of feedback control, IEEE Control Sys. Mag., 16, 50-60, 1996.
Abstract ................................................................................................. 274 18.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 274 18.2 Theoretical Bases ......................................................................... 277 18…
Scaling .................................................................................20 1.3.3 Weizsäcker-Based Functionals ........................................................... 21 1.3.4 Corrected Weizsäcker-Based Functionals .......................................... 21 1.3.4.1 Weizsäcker Plus Thomas-Fermi F…
In living cells, the lamellar-nonlamellar transitions are fundamentally important in modulating the physicochemical properties of biomembranes and consequently in regulating different biological processes (Landh, 1995; Luzzati, 1997; Patton and Carey, 1979; Simidjiev et al., 2000). In this respect, it is important to…
The union of two amino acids to form a peptide requires suppression of the reactivities of the functional groups that are not incorporated into the peptide bond (see Section 1.5). This is achieved by combining each group with another compound in a manner that allows removal of the added moieties at will. These moietie…
The functional life of the tooth is determined by the vitality of the dentin-pulp complex. The importance of maintaining the vitality of the dental pulp after pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by mechanical trauma or chronic irritation (carious lesions) is thus well accepted. The pulp maintains…
Modern offshore structures, including ships, require high-strength structural girders/plates/tubulars/ shells and other lightweight structural components, over large portions of the structural envelope for weight reduction, better stability, increased payload, increased mobility, and survivability. During their servic…
McGuinness (1969) describes the hydrogeologist’s work in the following way: What does the hydrogeologist see as the deficiencies in knowledge that is his responsibility to remedy? At one time he had a rather simple job. He mapped the geology of his area or refined mapping done earlier by others. He gathered as much in…
Cirrhosis from hepatitis B (HBV) is less common than cirrhosis from other forms of hepatitis, but due to the number of people infected with HBV, it is thought to be the most common cause of HCC. Vaccination programs for hepatitis B as a long-term solution are yielding very positive results, but there are already many…
Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal compound with analgesic, antiin ammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is a weak acid (pKa 4.0) used to relieve mild to moderate pain from injury, menstrual cramps, arthritis, and other musculoskeletal conditions. It is widely used because of its robust analgesic, antipyretic, and antiin…
Thermal stress can arise from exposures to either hot or cold environments. For a wide variety of work environments it is common for there to be extremes as well as wide fluctuations in the temperature; because of this, it is important to understand thermal stress. This chapter will focus on the factors and parameters…
The production of cheese in Brazil is quite recent, having been consolidated from an industrial standpoint in the beginning of the twentieth century, especially after the arrival of Danish and Dutch immigrants in the state of Minas Gerais in 1920 (Furtado, 1991). Prato cheese holds a leading position in Brazilian prod…
This chapter addresses a number of issues encountered in combinatorial testing, namely, what should be included as a test parameter, the selection of parameter values, missing combinations, infeasible combinations, and ineectual combinations. Dierent tools address these problems to various degrees using a variety of a…
I. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 280 A. Textile Fiber Consumption........................................................................ 280 B. Textile Processes .................................................................…
This chapter discusses the basic principles of fuel cells including the history and different types of fuel cells along with their properties, structure, and applications, with a special focus on Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Auxiliary devices needed for safe and efcient operation of PEM CONTENTS 4.2…