Materials Literature
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Nowadays, the wearable wireless electronic device and system extensively needs a sustainable energy supply as potential alternative in order to overcome the urgent needs to regular battery with finite power. The basic concept of photovoltaic effect reviewed and the structure of a range of energy conversion devices inc…
Flexibilizing of polymers can be achieved through internal and external plasticization. Internal plasticization can be produced through copolymerization giving a more exible polymer backbone or by grafting another polymer onto a given polymer backbone. Thus, poly(vinyl chloride-co-vinyl acetate) is internally plastici…
The introduction given in Chapter 5 also serves as an introduction to this chapter. In this chapter, we will give an overview of the work performed in the field of Monte Carlo modeling of clinical electron beams over the last 30 years or so. It is widely believed that to calculate a patient dose correctly in electron…
Public acceptance of polymers is usually associated with an assurance of quality based on knowledge of successful long-term and reliable testing. In contrast, much of the dissatisfaction with synthetic polymers is related to failures that might have been prevented by proper testing, design, and quality control. The Am…
In the last 10 years, wind power has increased its installed capacity dramatically from 5 GW in 1995 to the current 120 GW of installed capacity, 65 GW of which being installed in the United States, Germany, and Spain. This means that there are countries with a very high penetration of wind energy and others with very…
INTRODUCTION The success of any therapeutic agent depends not only upon its pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic properties and bioactivity, but also on its bioavailability at the site of action in the human system (1-3). This is especially true for protein drugs used as therapeutic agents. Although several protein drug d…
Metamaterials-engineered materials with rationally designed geometry, composition, and arrangement of nanostructured building blocks-are predicted to play an increasingly important role in high technologies of the twenty-rst century. Unfortunately, most metamaterials, their applications, and metamaterials-based devic…
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 has been applied to many dierent areas of studies such as lipidomics, drug delivery, medical imaging, and biomass energy production, etc. as will be discussed in later chapters (Wang…
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 260 Matrix Materials .......................................................................................................................... 261 Polymer-Based Matrix .......…
The rapid, almost exponential, growth of the power of the silicon computing chip, made available to the user at ever-decreasing cost, has made the computational approach a viable and practical alternative for a variety of problems in physics and engineering, in particular the complex nonlinear problems of fluid mechan…
In this chapter, we provide an overview of some of the current developments in the eld of metamaterials at microwave frequencies and their exciting potential applications, which may provide a breakthrough in overcoming some of the main limitations of naturally available microwave materials in various setups and techn…
INTRODUCTION The study of nanoparticle cell integration involves various techniques based on the nature of the nanoparticle and the cells involved. Some general methods and instrumentation used for cytomic study are discussed in this chapter. Flow cytometry uses the principles of light scattering, light excitation, an…
Several biodegradable and nonbiodegradable polymers can be used to fabricate hydrogels on which cells can be cultured. This experiment will utilize polyacrylamide (PA) because it is easy to vary stiffness by changing the ratio of the monomer, acrylamide, and the cross-linker, bis-acrylamide (Pelham and Wang 1997). Oth…
The photoionization of aerosols can play an important role in increasing the electron concentration and hence, electrical conductivity of dusty gases (Guha and Kaw, 1968). These processes also make important contributions in astrophysics in the understanding of some of the characteristics of the cosmicplasma, because…
Tissue engineering has emerged over the past two decades to address the growing need for biological substitutes to restore or replace damaged tissues and organs [1]. Current approaches to organ repair rely primarily on transplantation of whole or partial organs and tissues from autogeneic, allogeneic, and less frequen…
We have arrived at the exciting and challenging place of integration. As you know, research by its very nature is continuous. Yet, periodically, the time is right for accumulated knowledge to be integrated and applied to patient care. This is one of the first times in the evolution of the science of relationship that…
Spatial domain techniques can be further classified as either point or regional processing. This classification scheme was given in Chapter 5 and is repeated in Figure 6.1 for the reader’s convenience. This chapter focuses exclusively on spatial-domain regional processing techniques.
An optical metamaterial (MM) is an articially engineered composite with electromagnetic properties that are determined by subwavelength structuring rather than by the constituent materials. Hence, when rationally designed, metamaterials can demonstrate electromagnetic properties that are unattainable with naturally o…
A new era dawned in the history of medical diagnosis after the discovery of the x-ray by Roentgen. Since the inception of x-ray technology for medical imaging, the invention of noninvasive methodologies and the exploration of their applications in various elds such as clinical diagnosis, cellular 25.3.1.3 Contrast Age…
On 25 January 1958 the journal Nature published a group of papers by both British and American authors containing the latest results in the field of nuclear fusion. The editorial accompanying them was effusive: ‘The announcement of the successful control of the thermonuclear reaction has now been made, and all the scie…