Materials Literature
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This paper integrates the research presented in the papers in this special issue of Holmér et al. and Havenith et al. [Holmér, I., Nilsson, H., Havenith, G., Parsons, K. C. (1999) Clothing convective heat exchange: proposal for improved prediction in standards and models. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, in press; Have…
Fully automated or semi-automated scanning electron microscopes (SEM) are now commonly used in semiconductor production and other forms of manufacturing. Testing and proving that the instrument is performing at a satisfactory level of sharpness is an important aspect of quality control. The application of Fourier anal…
Polarized Raman spectra of the ferromagnetic metal ${\mathrm{CrO}}_{2}$ were measured in a broad temperature range including ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}390 \mathrm{K}.$ The Raman-allowed modes of ${A}_{1g},$ ${B}_{1g},$ ${B}_{2g},$ and ${E}_{g}$ symmetry were identified and compared to the corresponding modes of isos…
Nonwovens can be used as noise control elements for a wide range of applications. This paper suggests a numerical method for calculating their acoustic performance using the theory of Zwikker and Kosten on sound propagation through porous media. The results for nonwovens made from acrylic fibers, cotton, and polyester…
Thin films of vanadium oxides grown on a Pd(111) single crystal surface have been studied using high resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The vanadium oxides have been prep…
Despite wide use of megasonics in the semiconductor industry, the physics of megasonic particle removal remains largely unexplained. Mechanisms of particle removal in sonic baths are discussed, including the effects of operating parameters such as frequency, temperature, and power density. Experimental results are rel…
All articles of this category asymmetric epoxidation - (ON + )-(salen)ruthenium(II) complexes - conjugated olefins - Ru-salen complex - photoactivation
A study of the dynamics of electronic energy transfer (EET) in arrays containing three, four, and six tetraphenylporphine units connected with phenylethynyl spacers is reported. For arrays containing the same chromophores, the EET rate constant was determined from the reorientational dynamics of the transition dipole…
Structural changes induced by the incorporation of nitrogen into ta-C:H films have been studied by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy. ta-C:H films have been synthesised using a low pressure Electron Cyclot…
This paper presents a cryogenic machining approach to improve the chip breakability for cutting AISI1008 low carbon steel, a typical ductile material. A cryogen delivery system supplies liquid nitrogen (LN2) coolant specifically to chip faces in a properly scaled jet instead of flooding the general cutting zone. The c…
An intriguing feature of the diatom life cycle is that sexual reproduction and the generation of genetic diversity are coupled to the control of cell size. A PCR-based cDNA subtraction technique was used to identify genes that are expressed as small cells of the centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii initiate gameto…
Lumazine synthase, which catalyzes the penultimate step of riboflavin biosynthesis, has been cloned from three higher plants (spinach, tobacco, and arabidopsis) through functional complementation of an Escherichia coli auxotroph. Whereas the three plant proteins exhibit some structural similarities to known microbial…
An experimental technique for determining the dynamic indentation hardness of materials is described. Unlike the traditional static hardness measurements, the dynamic hardness measurements can capture the inherent rate dependent material response that is germane to high strain rate processes such as high speed machini…
The phonon deformation potentials of polycrystalline diamond and silicon, derived through the Voigt–Reuss–Hill averaging technique, are used to establish the systematics of strain characterization of polycrystalline films, considering all possible stress configurations. The results are compared to Raman data from the…
Atomic features are essential for understanding some materials properties. The example of brittle fracture is reviewed here, concentrating on molecular dynamics simulations of silicon. The Figure shows a visualization of an unstable crack at 8.97 % strain along (111). The choice of the potential, the implementation of…
The cone calorimeter technique was employed to investigate the burning characteristics and composition of fire effluents of selected chemicals, including pesticides, compounds used in the chemical industry, liquid solvents and polymers. A controlled-atmosphere apparatus was utilized, allowing variation of the ventilat…
On the basis of microhardness (H) data measured at room temperature only for a number of polymers in the glassy state, a linear correlation between H and the glass transition temperature Tg has been found (H = 1.97Tg − 571). By means of this relationship, the deviation of the H values from the additivity law for some…
The electronic states of boron and phosphorus in diamond have been studied by infrared absorption and photo-thermal ionisation spectroscopies. High quality boron doped synthetic diamond (p-type conductive) and phosphorus-doped CVD diamond film (n-type conductive) were used for this study. In the case of boron-doped di…
ABSTRACT The water vapor permeability (WVP) of whey protein isolate‐beeswax emulsion films was investigated as related to pH. Lower WVP was observed for films cast from solutions at pH 7.0. When pH of the film‐forming solution was lowered, resulting film WVP increased. At the isoelectric point, WVP was the highest. As…
The nature of damage induced by ion-impact and its annealing are studied both experimentally and theoretically. The experimental methods employed include measurements of the changes in electrical conductivity, in material density and in Raman spectra. These are measured for natural type IIa diamonds containing differe…