Materials Literature
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Zinc Borate (2Zn0·3B 2 0 3 ·3.5H 2 0) is a unique multifuntional fire retardant. It can function as a flame retardant, smoke suppressant, afterglow suppressant, as well as an anti-tracking agent in polymers. It has been used extnesively as a fire retardant in PVC, polyolefin, nylon, polyester, epoxy, acrylic, urethane…
Possible routes to major advances in flame retardant efficacy are surveyed with reference to reported instances of unusually effective systems, and with reference to theory. In flame studies, some highly efficient quenching species have been noted. Char formation is a major factor in flame retardancy, and there are se…
Since charring is an important route to flame retardancy, research has been done to better understand why different aromatic engineering polymers yield differing amounts of char upon combustion. Studies were made using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, electron spin resonance, infrared and…
This paper reviews some of the more important models and mechanisms of gas diffusion in rubbery and glassy polymers in light of recent experimental data.
The history of polymer fire retardance is reviewed from its inception with the early Egyptians to the most recent developments in intumescent fire retardants and inherently fire retardant polymers.
The effects of molecular order on the gas transport mechanism in polymers are examined. Generally, orientation and crystallization of polymers improves the barrier properties of the material as a result of the increased packing efficiency of the polymer chains. Liquid crystal polymers (LCP) have a unique morphology wi…
Abstract High-resolution 11B magic-angle-spinning (MAS) NMR investigations of boric oxide and alkali borate glasses have been carried out. The chemical shift of the trigonal boron shows anomalous behaviour around 10 mol. % alkali oxide. In an attempt to explain this unusual feature, we have carefully examined the stru…
A p(2×2)surface reconstruction is observed over the 800–900 °C range for SrTiO3 (100), the temperature range which is used in the oxygen anneal of Y, Ba, Cu layers on SrTiO3 (100) substrates in the synthesis of high Tc superconducting thin films. As observed by Auger electron spectroscopy, high-temperature annealing c…
The kinetics of microphase separation and ordering of a diblock copolymer onto a lattice has been studied using time-resolved high-resolution small-angle x-ray scattering. The measurements show rapid formation of spherical domains after quenching and a subsequent ordering of the spheres. The results are discussed with…
The mode coupling equations describing the ideal glass transition in simple liquids are generalised to treat binary mixtures. These equations are solved numerically to obtain the phase diagram, the glass order parameters, and the exponents ruling the long time dynamics of a soft sphere model for which numerical simula…
Amorphous C:H containing silicon film shows an extremely low friction coefficient of 0.007 when the film is rubbed with a steel ball in a vacuum. This film is deposited on steel with an electron cyclotron resonance plasma of ethylene and silane. Polarized microinfrared spectroscopy reveals that high lubrication perfor…
The scanning photoelectron microscope at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) has recently recorded micrographs with a resolution below half a micron. To demonstrate elemental and chemical sensitivity at the submicron level, an artificial structure consisting of Al and SiO2 lines on a boron-doped silicon subst…
Abstract Water‐soluble Mannich bases were synthesized from cardbisphenol by Mannich reaction and were characterized by 1 H‐NMR and 13 C‐NMR spectroscopic methods. The effect of electrodeposition parameters on the film formation from binders and from the pigmented composition were studied. The polymers gave uniform coa…
The simultaneous measurement of thermal response and infrared spectra on specimens of microscopic dimensions was demonstrated for polymer melting and crystallization of polymer blends. The measurement technique was achieved by combining a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) having provision for microscopic observa…
Abstract The anhydride curing of epoxides was studied by performing copolymerizations of epichlorohydrin, phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE), or bisphenol‐A‐diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with phthalic anhydride (PSA). As initiators, tertiary amines or ammonium salts were used. In the case of epichlorohydrin, linear polyesters wer…
Abstract A heat‐resistant rubber blend of natural rubber NR and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR‐1502) was prepared according to the standard techniques. The rubber blend was loaded with different concentrations of LAMP black and general purpose furnace (GPF) black for obtaining conductive rubber composites. The obtained…
Nanometer-scale thin-film heterogeneities are important for determining the magnetic properties of amorphous, soft magnetic films.1 The remanent-magnetization distributions in ultrasoft films appear to result from the balance of magnetostatic and exchange energies associated with the nanometer-scale heterogeneity.2 In…
Pentaerythritol is a synthetic polyalcohol with the formula C 2OH)4, obtained in the reaction of one acetaldehyde molecule with four molecules of formaldehyde. This reaction takes place in a dilute aqueous solution in the presence of alkaline catalysts. Besides the pentaerythritol a salt of formic acid, most often sod…
Abstract The crystallization of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) have been studied at ambient temperature in silica gel using double diffusion system. The first stage of evolution of the OCP spherulites as well as their growth have been observed by optical microscopy. The growth rat…
Compositionally modulated TbFe and TbFeCo amorphous films were prepared on glass substrates by the bias-modulated sputtering method. The modulated structure was confirmed for modulation lengths larger than 14 Å by X-ray small angle diffraction. Sharp layer boundaries were clearly observed using cross-sectional TEM. Th…