Materials Literature
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This book attempts to provide basic knowledge about the structure, properties, and processing of engineering materials and their applications. The first chapter gives an introduction to materials science and engineering and briefly describes the main types of engineering materials. Chapters 2 to 4 cover basic material…
Homopolymers and copolymers of 3-alkylthiophenes incorporating alkyl groups equal to or greater than butyl in size can be handled in solution and form highly conducting, environmentally-stable compositions on doping.
Tractable polythiophenes which are soluble in ordinary organic solvents at ambient temperatures are prepared by the electrochemical polymerization of thiophenes having a long alkyl chain.
The electrochemical oxidation of aromatic heterocyclic compounds thiophene, pyrrole, and indole and benzenoid and nonbenzenoid polycyclic hydrocarbons azulene, fluorene, and pyrene yield electrically conducting polymers with conductivities of 10 −5 –10 S/cm. The presence of substituents affects the electrical conducti…
ZSM-5 zeolites containing Cu2+ ions showed unusually high and steady state activity for the catalytic decomposition of nitrogen monoxide; for example, the degrees of conversions of NO, and of conversion into N2 and O2 were 97, 85, and 70%, respectively, at 823 K with a contact time of 10.0 g s cm–3 over 73% exchanged…
Various thermoelectric linear transport coefficients are defined and calculated for two reservoirs connected with ideal multichannel leads and a segment of an arbitrary disordered system. The reservoirs have different temperatures and chemical potentials. All of the inelastic scattering (and, thus, the dissipation) is…
Introduction. Basic theory. Antireflection coating. Neutral mirrors and beam splitters. Multilayer high-reflectance coatings. Edge filters. Band-pass filters. Tilted coatings. Production methods and thin-film materials. Factors affecting layer and coating properties. Layer uniformity and thickness monitoring. Specific…
A technical overview discussed the rationale for using edible films for preventing moisture loss from films while allowing permeability of oxygen and carbon dioxide to prevent anaerobic bacterial growth within the encased food. Detailed attention also is given to the characteristics of the types of edible films, cover…
The properties of various types of amorphous carbon and hydrogenated amorphous carbon are reviewed with particular emphasis on the effect of atomic structure on the electronic structure. It is shown how the proportion of sp3 and sp2 sites not only defines the short-range order but also a substantial medium-range order…
The emeraldine salt form of polyaniline, conducting in the metallic regime, can be synthesized electrochemically as a film exhibiting a well defined fibrillar morphology closely resembling that of polyacetylene. Cyclic voltammograms of chemically synthesized and electrochemically synthesized polyaniline are essentiall…
The orientational optical nonlinearity of the mesophases of liquid crystals (LCs) is attracting ever more attention, owing to the high values of the constants characterizing it, owing to the many interesting specific features that LCs introduce even into traditional nonlinear optical effects, and owing to the potentia…
Calculated volumes of formation for substitutional impurities in alkali halides are shown to be approximately consistent with the empirical rule that for miscible crystals the average volume per ion pair scales linearly between the two single-component extremes (Vegard's rule). The small deviations found from the rule…
We present the first experimental study of shear-flow--induced behavior in a two-dimensional anisotropic fluid: circular, freely suspended films of smectic-C liquid crystals. Depending on the topology of the in-plane director configuration, we observe either a phase winding state, where \ensuremath{\Phi}, the phase de…
Silver cluster ions (${\mathrm{Ag}}_{1}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{3}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{4}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{5}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{7}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{9}$${\mathrm{}}^{+}$) generated in a sputtering arrangement were filtered in energy sele…
Proton spin-lattice relaxation times (${T}_{1}$) measured for the first time across a random transition-metal alloy system, ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Nb}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{H}}_{0.2}$, from 100 to 700 K reveal (a) a suppression of hydride phase precipitation at low temperatures…
The growth of nematic films near a wall close to the nematic-isotropic transition is studied for planar boundary conditions. If the nematic phase wets the wall, near the onset of bulk nematic behavior the nematic film near the wall is in a Kosterlitz-Thouless low-temperature phase. The transition to this phase can be…
We show that the \ensuremath{\alpha}-(AlMnSi) crystal structure is closely (and systematically) related to that of the icosahedral Al-Mn-Si alloys. Using a modification of the ``projection'' method of generating icosahedral structures from six-dimensional lattices, we find a simple description of the \ensuremath{\alph…
The dielectric permittivity and loss of 1-cyanoadamantane have been measured under isothermal conditions in the frequency range, 100-2*10 5 Hz and the temperature range, 80-350K in the glassy crystal, supercooled (metastable) and stable (disordered) crystals and partially ordered crystalline states. Two relaxation reg…
X-ray measurements performed on a variety of materials demonstrate that it is possible to observe diffuse scattering that originates in the abrupt change of density at a crystal surface. Such a discontinuity gives rise, in general, to rods of scattering in reciprocal space which are most intense close to the Bragg pea…
A model of intercalation is presented which can be used for sophisticated three-dimensional computer simulations of staging kinetics. A realistic microscopic description of the intercalation process and of the stage-3 to stage-2 transition has been obtained for the first time. Stage disorder and three-dimensional effe…