Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry of the Elements
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New cholesteric liquid crystals for displays
A new optically active biphenyl compound has been synthetised. By incorporating this in certain biphenyl nematogens, a chemically/photochemically stable room-temperature cholesteric liquid crystal is produced. This is of positive dielectric anisotropy and gives the cholesteric-nematic electro-optical phase-change effe…
Dispersion of Radiative Surface Plasmons in Aluminum Films by Electron Scattering
A 75-keV electron beam with a low angular divergence (8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ rad) combined with a Wien filter spectrometer is used to examine the dispersion of radiative surface plasmons in thin oxidized aluminum films. The measurements agree with theory, provided the effect of the…
Pressure Dependence of the Metal-Insulator Transition in Tetrathiofulvalinium Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ)
Measurements of the conductivity of single-crystal TTF-TCNQ are reported for pressures 0-20 kbar and temperatures 20-273\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The metal-insulator transition temperature increases about 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K/kbar. The conductivity at 273\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}…
A new method of observing magnetic domains by scanning electron microscopy I. Theory of the image contrast
A theory is developed to explain the magnetic domain contrast observed by scanning electron microscopy using the method reported recently [4, 5]. The theory is based on a model which assumes that the contrast is due to the Lorentz deflection of the incident electrons inside the specimen. Using this model, the dependen…
Optical properties of thin lead films in the energy range 3-15.5 eV evaporated and studied in ultrahigh vacuum
Reflectance measurements, in situ, on freshly deposited thin lead films are carried out in the far uv. Optical constants and other useful functions such as ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$, $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Im}({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{-}1})$, $\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Im}{(\…
Thermal Conductivity of Vitreous Silica at Low Temperatures
The thermal conductivity of a number of samples of vitreous silica has been measured between 1.5 and 20 K and between 65 and 300 K. The specimens were obtained from a number of manufacturers and were all high-purity optical-quality material. Above 65 K, the thermal conductivities of all the specimens were found to be…
Kinetics of Self-Trapped Holes in Alkali-Halide Crystals: Experiments in NaI(Tl) and KI(Tl)
A previous model calculation of the kinetics of hole diffusion in thallium-activated alkali iodides led to predictions concerning the role of binary electron-hole diffusion in the energy transport associated with the scintillation process. In this paper we report the resuls of time-resolved emission and absorption mea…
Energy Levels of Iron and Aluminum in SrTiO3
An attempt is made to locate the energy levels associated with iron and aluminum in the band gap of SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. A relative energy-level scheme for these impurities is derived from data in the literature, principally ESR and optical absorption. Measurements of thermally stimulated current, electrical conduc…
Crystal Fields and the Effective-Point-Charge Model in the Rare-Earth Pnictides
Neutron scattering and specific-heat studies of the crystal fields in the rare-earth monophosphides are reported. It is found that the fourth-order crystal-field parameters for the phosphides and for other rare-earth pnictides fall on a universal curve which is close to that predicted by an effective-point-charge mode…
Electronic Band Structures of SbSI in the Para- and Ferroelectric Phases
The electronic band structures of the ferroelectric semiconductor SbSI, whose crystal structure is very complex compared with the crystals for which the band calculations have been made up to the present, have been calculated by the pseudopotential method in the para- and ferroelectric phases. It is shown that this ma…
Theory of Self-Trapped Exciton Luminescence in Halide Crystals
A detailed phenomenological theory of the triplet luminescence from self-trapped excitons in halide crystals is developed. Energy levels and wave functions are obtained by constructing and diagonalizing a Hamiltonian matrix. Coupled rate equations for the decay of the three lowest triplet levels are solved for the gen…
Empirical Relation between Energy Gap and Lattice Constant in Cubic Semiconductors
The empirical relation ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{\propto}(\frac{1}{{a}_{0}^{2}})$ between the energy gap ${E}_{0}$ and lattice constant ${a}_{0}$ has been found to hold for a wide range of semiconductors with the cubic NaCl crystal structure.
High-Resolution X-Ray Photoemission from Sodium Metal and Its Hydroxide
X-ray photoemission spectra of valence and core electrons in sodium and sodium hydroxide were measured from clean and oxidized sodium-metal films. Clean metal surfaces were prepared by sequential evaporation, with the resultant films contaminated by less than half a monolayer of impurity after 8 h running time. From t…
Optical-Absorption Edge and Raman Scattering inGexSe1−xGlasses
Optical-absorption-edge measurements and Raman scattering experiments on ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ glasses are reported for the range $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}0.4$. The change in the magnitude of the main peaks of Raman spectra (localized about 195, 215, and 250 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ens…
Mutual Solubilities of Hydrocarbons and Water at 0 and 25 °C
Mutual solubilities of 14 paraffinic and 6 aromatic hydrocarbons and water were determined experimentally at 0 and 25 °C. The solubilities are generally smaller at 0 than at 25 °C except the solubilities of paraffins in water which are larger at 0 than at 25 °C. The coefficients of the Redlich–Kister equation were eva…
Pyroxenes: comparisons of real and ideal structural topologies
Article Pyroxenes: comparisons of real and ideal structural topologies was published on December 1, 1973 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (volume 138, issue 1-6).
A simple high‐temperature infrared cell and its application to the dehydroxylation of kaolinite
Abstract A simple method is described for making infrared measurements on solids at temperatures up to the melting point of KBr by using a fine nichrome heating coil wound directly on to the KBr disc containing the sample either in suspension or sedimented on to the surface. The usefulness of the method is illustrated…
Symmetrized nth powers of space group representations
The paper outlines the way in which the constructive method obtained for symmetrizing nth Kronecker powers of induced representations (see ibid., vol. 6, no. 12, 1807 (1973)) may be applied to space group representations. Also a step by step procedure is given for finding the symmetrized cubes of space group represent…
Irradiation creep produced by the effect of stress on the nucleation of dislocation loops
A general expression for the creep strain produced by a distribution of dislocation loops is derived and applied to the nucleation (assumed subject to Boltzmann statistics) of prismatic loops in b.c.c. and f.c.c. metals and alloys subjected to neutron irradiation. The nucleation of the loops is considered to take plac…