Materials Literature
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High-power ultrasound can generate cavitation within a liquid and through cavitation provide a source of energy which can be used to enhance a wide range of chemical processes. Such uses of ultrasound have been grouped under the general name sonochemistry. This review will concentrate on applications in organic synthe…
This text relies on only introductory level physics and chemistry as the foundation for understanding liquid crystal science. Liquid crystals combine the material properties of solids with the flow properties of fluids. As such they have provided the foundation for a revolution in low- power, flat-panel display techno…
Electrochromic materials are currently attracting much interest in academia and industry for both their fascinating fundamental spectroelectrochemical properties and their commercial applications. A large number of electrochromic materials are available from all branches of synthetic chemistry. In this review some of…
The What and the Why of Fibrous Composites. Concepts of Solid Mechanics. 3--D Constitutive Equations. Plane Stress Constitutive Equations. Lamination Theory. Test Methods. Material Response. Interlaminar Stresses. Failure and Damage. Laminated Tubes. Micromechanics. Appendices. Indexes.
Organisms have been producing mineralized skeletons for the past 550 million years. They have evolved many different strategies for improving these materials at almost all hierarchical levels from Ångstroms to millimetres. Key components of biological materials are the macromolecules, which are intimately involved in…
The rate of growth of chain-folded lamellar crystals from the subcooled melt of polyethylene fractions is treated in terms of surface nucleation theory with the objective of illuminating the origin of the chain folding phenomenon and associated kinetic effects in molecular terms. An updated version of flux-based nucle…
This article reviews a general template-based approach for the preparation of nanomaterials. The method involves the synthesis of a desired material within the pores of a nanoporous membrane. We have termed this approach ‘template synthesis’ because the pores within these nanoporous membranes act as templates for the…
The surface crack in flexure (SCP) method, also known as the controlled surface flaw method, has been used to measure fracture toughness of ceramics and glasses for almost 20 years. New fracture toughness results for a range of ceramics and glasses including alumina, boron carbide, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, ti…
Primary production (specifically, the rate and quality of C transfer below ground) and soil microbial activity (specifically, the rates of C transformation and decay) are recognized as the overall biological processes governing soil organic C (SOC) dynamics. These two processes and, hence, SOC cycling and storage are…
The drug targeting to the brain by polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles was studied. The leu-enkephalin analog dalargin was used as a model drug for investigating the drug penetration through the blood-brain barrier. The nociceptive threshold was measured by the tail flick test. The intravenous injection of dalargin bo…
Both the mass density (1.37 kgm/m 3 ) and sp 3 /sp 2 +sp 3 bonding fraction (0.15) were determined for an unusual nanoporous amorphous carbon consisting of curved single graphitic sheets. A combination of High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Parallel Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (PEELS) wa…
Photoluminescence (PL) of microwave assisted chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond was obtained using ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. The PL spectrum of the 5RL band (intrinsic defect), which cannot be detected in cathodoluminesence, was observed for both undoped (as grown) and boron doped (200 ppm) CVD diamond. T…
New thermal conductivity $K(T)$ mesaurements of quasi-one-dimensional single crystals $(\mathrm{Ta}{}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{x}\mathrm{Se}{}_{4}{)}_{2}\mathrm{I}$ $(x\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0,0.008,0.01)$ are reported in the range 60 mK--6 K. $K(T)$ clearly shows exce…
A set of processes has been explored that enhances the utility of self-assembled-monolayer electron-beam resists for patterning silicon. A self-assembled monolayer resist of octadecylsiloxane was exposed using a scanning electron microscope with a 20 keV beam energy and dose of 320 μC/cm2. After the patterned monolaye…
Afghanite, ideally [(Na,K)(22)Ca-10][Si24Al24O96](SO4)(6)Cl-6, is the eight-layer member of the cancrinite-group (ABABACAC stacking sequence). Its structure was refined in the P31c space group to R = 4.5% by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The cell parameters are a = 12.8013(7) Angstrom, c = 21.4119(18…
We investigated diffusion barrier performance of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) TiN films prepared using tetrakis-dimethyl-amino titanium, Ti[N(CH3)2]4, to copper in the Cu/TiN/Si structure. The in situ treatment of the TiN films using N2/H2 plasma was found to significantly improve barrier performance against copper…
We study the structure of III-V clusters in sodalite by ab initio molecular dynamics (Car-Parrinello) and find strong bonding of the group III atoms to the oxygens of the cage with loss of tetrahedral order. The clusters introduce optically active states in the zeolite energy gap and turn it into a semiconductor with…
Under certain conditions grating/waveguide structures have a resonant behavior with narrow spectral bandwidths. Several such structures were designed, fabricated, and evaluated, demonstrating resonances with narrow spectral bandwidths ranging to as low as 0.035 nm at full width at half maximum. These can be exploited…
We have used an intense coherent x-ray beam and a real time digital autocorrelator to study the low frequency dynamics of colloidal palladium in glycerol by x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS). The translational diffusion was studied in the $q$ range from $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremat…
The operating characteristics of complementary inverters with n-channel napthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride thin-film transistors (TFTs) and p-channel transistors with hole transporting organic active materials are described. The n-channel TFTs have been used as the load in one circuit configuration and as the drive…