Materials Literature
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Electron-beam-induced deposition was performed to fabricate nanostructures using a subnanometer-sized probe of high-energy electrons emitted by a 200 kV transmission electron microscope equipped with a field emission gun. We fabricated nanometer-sized dots with a diameter of less than 5 nm, controlling their position…
In the trigonal and hexagonal crystal systems, four-membered Bravais–Miller indices hkil are commonly used. Corresponding four-membered direction indices may be found in the literature, but their use is not straightforward. This note reminds readers of the meaning and the applicability of such indices.
Order formations in the crystallization processes of flexible chain molecules with regard to the nucleation effect of rigid crystalline molecules have been studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. When the short polymer melts consist of complete flexible chains, no orientation order was observed under cooli…
Abstract Via γ‐ray irradiation polymerization, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/clay nanocomposites were successfully prepared with reactive modified clay and nonreactive clay. With reactive modified clay, exfoliated PMMA/clay nanocomposites were obtained, and with nonreactive clay, intercalated PMMA/clay nanocomposit…
The cubic-tetragonal-monoclinic structural evolution of zirconia $({\mathrm{ZrO}}_{2})$ is studied within a lattice dynamical treatment using a model approach taking into consideration the variability of the oxygen ion charge. The relevant calculations reveal the two physical factors driving that evolution. A specific…
Abstract Two series of polyurethanes and polyurethaneureas were prepared using a two‐step bulk‐solution polymerization procedure. Each series consisted of three polymers based on three molecular weights of α,ω‐bis(6‐hydroxyethoxypropyl) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS): 940, 1913, and 2955. The soft segment in all cases wa…
We have used spectroscopic ellipsometry to measure the optical functions of F16CuPc (copper-hexadecafluoro-phthalocyanine, C32F16N8Cu) films grown by organic molecular beam deposition simultaneously onto MgO(001), SiO2/Si, and A-plane (112̄0) sapphire substrates. The latter allows one to produce, under suitable condit…
Stress migration in advanced Cu interconnects leads to device failure and to poor production throughput. In this work, microstructural effects on stress-migration resistance were investigated in two types of electroplated Cu metallization having a 〈111〉 texture and a random texture. Transmission electron microscopy sh…
This letter presents evidence of an oxidation-driven failure mechanism in Cu interconnects integrated with ultralow-κ materials. It is found that the open pore structure of ultralow-κ materials allows oxidants in the ambient to reach the interconnect structure and induce oxidation of Cu. In contrast to a normal oxidat…
We report on the microfabrication of continuous aspherical optical surfaces with a single-mask process, using anisotropic etching of silicon in a KOH water solution. Precise arbitrary aspherical surfaces with lateral scales on the order of several millimeters and a profile depth on the order of several micrometers wer…
A Raman study of natural magnetite has been performed at high pressure up to 20 GPa. Upon compression, the vibrational spectra do not exhibit any changes, except for the continuous shift to higher frequencies. Vibrational modeling of the specific heat and entropy based on the modified Kieffer’s model allowed the estim…
Ferromagnetic nodules of the stoichiometric alloy Ni 2 MnGa were obtained by the electrochemical reduction of a suitable mixture of nickel, manganese, and gallium oxide powders in molten calcium chloride. The product exhibits ferromagnetic shape memory properties ready to be used in a composite capable of enduring hig…
Cu 2 O (cuprite) films were deposited electrochemically onto InP (001) single-crystal substrates from aqueous solutions at room temperature. X-ray diffraction indicates a unique epitaxial 45°[001] orientation relationship between Cu2O and InP. This reduces the mismatch between corresponding spacings to 2.9%, compared…
The contact behavior of various metals on n-type nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) thin films has been investigated. The influences of the following parameters on the current–voltage characteristics of the contacts are presented: (1) electronegativity and work function of various metals, (2) an oxidiz…
We have calculated the effects of dielectric hole burning on the basis of the frequency dependent dielectric relaxation ε̂(ω) and specific heat ĉp(ω) of glycerol and assuming heterogeneous dynamics where the dielectric and thermal relaxation times are correlated quantities. The heat generated in the sample is determin…
Abstract The effect of the vulcanizing system on the mechanical properties of butyl rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer–general purpose furnace black–(GPF) blends was studied with static and dynamic mechanical measurements for these blends. The classical theory of elasticity was applied to show the mechanical beha…
Abstract In preceding investigations the overall rate and apparent activation energy for the vulcanization process were calculated for natural rubber compounds, assuming that vulcanization follows first‐order kinetics. It was observed that the addition of white rice husk ash (WRHA) increased the rate of crosslinking a…
The evolution of microstructure and dynamics of a colloidal suspension transforming from hard-sphere to sticky hard-sphere system is investigated by small-angle x-ray scattering techniques. The colloidal system comprised of sterically stabilized silica particles suspended in a marginal solvent. The repulsive to attrac…
We have investigated the stimulated resonance Raman scattering from single crystals of a thiophene/phenylene co-oligomer. The very narrow lines [full width at half maximum (FWHM)=11–20 cm−1] are observed in the same spectral regions where the spectrally narrowed emissions (FWHM≈300 cm−1) occur upon excitation with int…
Brillouin scattering has been used to measure the dynamic structure factor of glycerol as a function of temperature from the high temperature liquid to the glassy state. Our investigation aims at understanding the number and the nature of the relaxation processes active in this prototype glass forming system in the hi…