Materials Literature
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Abstract All grades and conditions of stainless steel are susceptible to SCC in high temperature water, whether deaerated or aerated; high H2 or low; theoretical purity water, buffered or contaminated; lower temperature or higher; etc. However, the kinetics of SCC growth vary markedly with stress intensity, yield stre…
Abstract The objectives of this study are to evaluate the corrosion behavior of candidate corrosion-resistant alloys in less oxidizing or reducing supercritical water (SCW) environment containing hydrogen chloride and to understand the corrosion mechanism for determining the corrosion resistance of these alloys in the…
Abstract A significant percentage of the corrosion failures in many industries are caused or accelerated by the effects resulting from the activities of specific microorganisms. In aqueous environments, microorganisms tend to attach themselves to metal surfaces and form biofilms. These biofilms create nonuniform surfa…
Abstract An erosion-corrosion study has been performed for a 13Cr alloy in liquid-gas multiphase flow conditions with CO2 saturated brine and sand particles. Pure erosion and erosion-corrosion tests were conducted for low sand concentrations at both 76°F (24.4°C) and 150°F (65.6°C). Results were compared to previous d…
Abstract Often, the corrosion of carbon steel in aqueous environments containing CO2 involves the formation of solid iron carbonate, FeCO3, as corrosion product. The goal of this work is to establish the experimental conditions, pH and temperature, under which stable, protective corrosion product layers form in brine…
Abstract In this paper a two-dimensional (2-D) stochastic localized CO2 corrosion model is proposed, which describes the balance of two processes: corrosion (leading to metal loss) and precipitation (leading to metal protection). The model is able to predict localized corrosion of carbon steel in CO2 containing enviro…
Abstract In condensed water, the free acetic acid content (HAc) is physically dissolved from the gas (or oil) phase, and this induces an overacidification of the CO2 solution. When HAc becomes the dominant acid, this increases the solubility of corrosion products, i.e. the iron content Fesat at the saturation of corro…
Abstract Quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods (fluorogenic 5′-nuclease assay and SYBR Green I assay) were developed to detect and quantify bacteria and some critical sub-populations related to gas and oil pipeline corrosion. 16S rRNA genes were targeted for the detection and quantification of total bacteria using fluorogen…
Abstract Previous works showed that AC can affect corrosion overpotential of corroding metals. In order to understand this experimental evidence, galvanostatic polarization tests on carbon steel, zinc and copper in 1 M solution of their ions were performed at AC current densities of 0, 30, 100, 300, 500 and 1,000 A/m2…
Abstract Whilst the phenomena of sand production, its erosional effects in high velocity systems, and the ability of chemicals to mitigate erosion have been well documented, little attention has been given to low velocity systems where sand settles to form deposits. Deposition of sand has reportedly resulted in partia…
Abstract A corrosion study focused on the applicability of pH-stabilisation in sour environments with hydrate preventer has been carried out, consisting of flow loop experiments with 50 % diethylene glycol, about 1 bar H2S and 0.6 bar CO2. Different pH values in the range of 4.5-6.5 were applied. The experiments were…
Abstract Preferential corrosion of carbon steel weld corrosion and its inhibition were studied by corrosion tests in a flow loop. Eight weld metal/parent metal combination were tested at 60 °C, 1 bar CO2, pH 5-6. Results from 3 selected welds are presented. The tests were carried out in high and low conductivity NaCl…
Abstract Green corrosion inhibitors have been developed to minimize environmental impacts. The first requirement of green chemicals is to pass pre-screening based on the criteria of Harmonised Mandatory Control Scheme. In addition, a green chemical should have a Hazard Quotient value of less than 1 for the UK sector;…
Abstract This paper offers an overview of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) induced corrosion and protection of carbon steel in marine media. The complexity of the local environment at the steel/seawater interface is enhanced in the presence of microorganisms and their extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). As a cons…
Abstract The corrosion of carbon steel is a major concern in oil and gas production environments, which varies depending on the field production conditions and the nature of the produced water. Dissolved acid gases such as CO2 and H2S are known to enhance the corrosiveness of produced water. The corrosion of carbon st…
Abstract A series of flow loop corrosion experiments have been carried out to assess the unmitigated corrosion susceptibility of carbon steel exposed to simulated Kashagan produced fluid, consisting of chloride-containing brine in equilibrium with up to 30 bar H2S and 10 bar CO2. Flow loop experiments were performed a…
Abstract Nitrate has been added to the injection water in the Halfdan field since January 2001 in an attempt to prevent reservoir souring. As with any new technique, it is important that the treatment is monitored and optimized. In this paper it is demonstrated that cultivation-independent methods are superior for ide…
Abstract Several recent failures on subsea duplex stainless steel components have led to consider these materials with caution in the Oil and Gas industry. It is now quite clear that the risk of hydrogen embrittlement under cathodic protection must be carefully assessed when using these materials, particularly in term…
Abstract A sulphide stress cracking (SSC) test program has been undertaken on a range of candidate forged bar stock alloys, which included super martensitic alloyed 13Cr and precipitation hardened alloys 450 and 17-4PH. The program comprised sustained load stress corrosion tests, generally in accordance with NACE TM01…
Abstract A computer model is described which predicts corrosion rates of carbon steel flowlines and tubing in the presence of carbon dioxide. The model can be applied also for processing facility piping and equipment. The influences of dissolved corrosion products, hydrogen sulfide, crude oil type, acetic acid and flo…