Materials Literature
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Stress migration (SM) reliability of wide copper (Cu) interconnects with gouging vias was studied using a via chain structure stressed at temperatures ranging from 150/spl deg/C to 200/spl deg/C. After a 1000-hour SM test, via chain structures at the edge of the wafer were observed to have extremely high resistance du…
The use of hydrogel beads for the crystallization of proteins is explored in this contribution. The dynamic behaviour of the internal precipitant, protein concentration and relative supersaturation in a gel bead upon submerging the bead in a precipitant solution is characterized theoretically using a transient diffusi…
The specific heat and the thermal expansion under ambient pressure and the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility under applied pressure have been investigated for $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{M}_{x}$ ($M=\mathrm{Ru}$, Os, and Ir) alloys by taking spin fluctuation…
Octupolar molecules are generally believed to be of potential use in developing nonlinear optical materials owing to the fact that they do not easily form molecular aggregates. This is often put against the conjectured drawback that electric fields have no poling, or ordering, effect for this class of molecules becaus…
Abstract Phenoxymethylpenicillin (PMP) has been reversibly intercalated into a layered double hydroxide, and the resulting composite exhibits effective anti‐bacterial activity. Powder X‐ray diffraction studies indicate that the PMP molecules are interdigitated between the inorganic layers, and under mild acidic media,…
The most challenging requirement for depositing NiTi-based shape memory thin films is the control of film composition because a small deviation can strongly shift the transformation temperatures. This article presents a technique to control film composition via adjustment of the power supplied to the targets during si…
A new spectroscopic cell has been designed for studying model catalysts using in situ or operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The setup allows gas treatment and can be used between 100 and 870 K. Pressures from 10(-3) Pa up to 300 kPa can be applied. Measurements on model systems in this particular pressure range a…
Electrolytic deposition is used to prepare submicrometer-sized vaterite (CaCO3) tubes (see Figure) in the absence of organic molecules, the presence of which was previously thought to be necessary for the growth of calcium carbonate crystals in complex morphologies. The mechanism of formation is shown experimentally t…
Hydrogen permeability (Φ), i.e., the product of hydrogen diffusion coefficient (D) and hydrogen solubility (K), of the as-cast Nb40Zr30Ni30 (mol %) alloy has been investigated. This alloy is composed of the primary body-centered-cubic (bcc)-(Nb, Zr) and eutectic {(Nb,Zr)+ZrNi} phase and the chemical composition and th…
A new X-ray absorption cell dedicated to in situ and operando experiments in heterogeneous catalysis has been built and tested. The cell consists of several boron nitride and stainless steel plates linked together using graphite seals. It allows the measurement of XANES and EXAFS spectra of heterogeneous catalysts wit…
The interface effect of InSb quantum dots (QDs) embedded in $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ matrix has been investigated by Raman scattering spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and x-ray absorption fine structure (both of EXAFS and XANES). The EXAFS and XRD results show clearly that the bond length of the Sb-In first…
Variations in the mechanical properties of copper related to plating chemistry and copper thickness are found to control stress migration performance in dual damascene copper interconnects. These observations cannot be explained by vacancy diffusion alone. Instead, the high tensile stress of the copper and elastic ver…
Damascene processing creates special features for copper interconnect electromigration (EM). Though the fast Cu diffusion path is along the interface between Cu and the top cap layer, the early EM fails are often associated with vias, either by voiding in the via (via depletion), or by voiding underneath the via (line…
Colloidal silica-reinforced polyester composites with different volume fractions of colloidal silica are investigated for morphology, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Morphology is studied using scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties are studied with respect to varying filler content i.e., from 0.…
The transition between the relaxor and ferroelectric states for 0.8Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.2PbTiO3 and 0.7Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 polycrystalline aggregates has been studied by measurements of the dielectric and elastic properties as a function of temperature. The ferroelectric to relaxor transition seems to present a r…
Abstract FT‐IR and FT‐Raman spectra were recorded for bis( L ‐proline) hydrogen nitrate and bis( L ‐proline) hydrogen perchlorate crystals. The wavenumber assignments have been made for the proline functional groups, viz. COOH, COO − , CNCCC ring, [NH 2 ] + , (CH 2 ), CCN and CH. In both crystals, two prolin…
We report experimental observations of shell buckling instabilities in free-standing, vertically aligned GaN nanotubes subjected to uniaxial compression. Highly uniform arrays of the GaN nanotubes standing on a GaN template were fabricated and subjected to uniaxial compression using a nanoindenter. The buckling load w…
Uniform single-walled carbon nanotube films are fabricated by a DC electrodeposition technique from a dispersion solution of the nanotubes in dry organic solvents. Thick and shiny or thin and see-through, tightly bound films are formed on various substrates (see Figure). Highly efficient deposition is made possible by…
Recent time-resolved measurements in optically excited individual semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes have revealed rapid electron-hole pair annihilation. A stochastic model of the carrier dynamics has been proposed that includes Auger interactions and discrete occupancy of the nanotubes by the carriers [F.…
Arrangement of structural units in a ZnO [0001] $\ensuremath{\Sigma}=49$ symmetric tilt boundary was investigated using a combination of high-resolution electron microscopy and atomistic calculation in detail. The boundary is found to be described by the combination of two different dislocationlike structural units an…