Materials Literature
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The influence of multiple elastic and inelastic scattering on photoelectron spectra from semi-infinite random solids has been investigated. A theoretical expression describing the energy and angular yield has been derived which adequately accounts for the anisotropic source emission of photoelectrons. Comparison of th…
Resonant neutralization probabilities for 2 keV $^{7}\mathrm{Li}^{+}$ singly scattered from Al and K surface atomic sites are measured from K-covered Al(100). At low K coverages (0.03 ML), nearly all of the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ions scattered from K are neutralized, while neutral fractions ranging from 32 to 65 % are m…
Abstract The complex Young's modulus, E *(ω), and the complex strain‐optical coefficient, O *(ω), were measured for polyisobutylene (PIB) over a wide temperature range near and above its glass transition temperature. The master curves could be constructed well for each function with the method of reduced variables. Th…
The reaction between hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) film and aluminum has been investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The formation of aluminum silicide was observed even at room temperature. Subsequent annealing of the sample showed [111], [110] and [311] ori…
The periodic unrestricted Hartree-Fock method has been used to calculate the ground-state spin-polarized wave function and total energy of tetragonal ${\mathrm{FeF}}_{2}$. Contracted Gaussian-type functions represent the atomic orbitals of Fe and F atoms. The nature of the antiferromagnetic insulator, with a d-d type…
The effect of the mixing between \ensuremath{\pi} and \ensuremath{\sigma} orbitals upon the energy gaps (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$'s) of semiconducting carbon nanotubules has been theoretically studied within the tight-binding approximation. The magnitude of a chirality-dependent energy gap (${\mathit{E}}_{\mathrm{\…
We describe a nonequilibrium phase transition in a geometrically confined charge-stabilized colloidal suspension. The equilibrium configuration for the spheres in this system is a two-layer square lattice, equivalent to two layers of a body-centered cubic (bcc) crystal. After electrophoretic shear melting, the suspens…
Pulsed laser ablation of aqueous medium irradiated under conditions of temporal confinement of thermal stress is described. Time-resolved measurements of laser-induced transient stress waves with simultaneous imaging of ablation process by laser-flash photography were performed. Stress transients induced in aqueous so…
Direct imaging showing pore filling of a mesopore (MCM-41) by a semiconductor has been achieved by transmission-electron microscopy (TEM). Ge was deposited using vapor-phase epitaxy where the mesopore wall hydroxyls acted as anchor points to seed the nucleation of semiconductor clusters in the mesosilicate channels. D…
A model for stress evolution in confined metal interconnects due to electromigration was proposed recently by M. A. Korhonen, P. Borgesen, K. N. Tu, and C.-Y. Li [J. Appl. Phys. 73, 3790 (1993)], in which interconnect failure is associated with the buildup of stress to a critical level. We show that the analytic solut…
A molecular-dynamics simulation method is described that permits space-filling, fully dense three-dimensional nanocrystalline materials to be grown by crystallization from the melt. The method is illustrated by computer synthesis of an eight-grain polycrystal of Cu with a grain size of 43 Å. At the beginning of the si…
Tin-modified lead zirconate titanate thin layers were prepared by a sol-gel method. A room- temperature antiferroelectric (AFE) phase composition Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.58Sn0.42)0.96Ti0.04] 0.98O3 was prepared and examined for weak- and high-field dielectric properties as a function of temperature, with emphasis on field-i…
The linear and nonlinear optical responses in a large number of cubic insulators are studied by means of first-principles local-density calculations. Complete results on band structures, frequency-dependent dielectric functions, and frequency-dependent third-order nonlinear susceptibilities ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}…
Fluorinated amorphous carbon films were proposed as low dielectric constant interlayer dielectrics for ultralarge scale integration circuits. The films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition with CH4 and CF4 in a parallel plate rf (13.56 MHz) reactor. The dielectric constant of the amorphous carbo…
Optical study of trivalent 3 d transition metal oxide compounds R M O 3 with perovskite-type structure has revealed the variation of their electronic structures with the 3 d element M and rare earth element R . The low energy feature is governed by electronic states in the M - O network. The charge gap, either of the…
By combining reflectance spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry, the complex dielectric function of SrTiO3 in the frequency range 40–5000 cm−1 at 20, 100, 200, and 300 K has been determined. Using a factorized description, analytical expressions for the optical quantities were derived, giving excellent agreement…
Generalized gradient approximations (GGA) for the exchange-correlation energy have been suggested to improve upon the local-density approximation (LDA) in density-functional theory. It has been demonstrated by various authors that the gradient correction suggested by Becke for the exchange functional and Perdew for th…
We study the roughness of randomly crumpled elastic sheets. Based on analytical and numerical calculations, we find that they are self affine with a roughness exponent equal to one. Such crumpling occurs {\it e.g.\/} when wet paper dries. We also discuss the case of correlated crumpling, which occurs in connection wit…
A model for carbon nanotube formation in the arc discharge has been developed. The model is based on the physical properties of the arc discharge plasma where the interplay of the two major components of the bimodal carbon velocity distribution (Maxwellian and directed) dominates the nanotube creation process in a zon…
The optical absorption edge of CuO single crystals has been investigated by reflectance and transmittance measurements at different temperatures. An exponential decay of the absorption has been detected, while temperature dependence of the edge and of the steepness between 10 K and room temperature indicate a large co…