Materials Literature
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The interplay between the velocity and morphology of steps during the dissolution of the cleaved CaCO3(101̄4) surface in aqueous solution has been studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experimental results were analyzed based on the terrace-ledge-kink model. Real-time AFM images show that, in the surface re…
Using a plasma-induced graft polymerization technique, which is well known as a surface modification method, the grafted polymer was formed in pores of the porous material. This study examined the filling mechanism. Five thin porous films were sandwiched together, and employed as the substrate. The substrate was treat…
Thin oxide films (e.g., 5–10 nm of SiO2, Al2O3, NiO, MgO) supported on a refractory metal substrate (e.g., Mo, W, Ta, Re) have been prepared by deposition of the oxide metal precursor in a background of oxygen. The thin-film nature of these samples facilitates investigation by an array of surface techniques, many of w…
By using a gastight electrochemical cell with flowing air as the reference environment, we were able to achieve an oxygen partial pressure as low as atm inside the cell. The conductivity of has been studied as a function of and temperature. It was found that in the high‐ range, interstitial oxygen ions and electron ho…
We report on a study of the morphology of (100) silicon surfaces etched in aqueous alkaline solutions. It is shown that the formation of pyramidal hillocks during etching can be influenced in two different ways: by the presence of an oxidizing agent (ferricyanide or oxygen) in the etchant solution, or by etching under…
Proton spin-lattice relaxations in the laboratory and rotating frames, together with transverse relaxation (free induction decay), have been measured for natural and epoxidised rubber, plus a series of vulcanised samples. The data have been analysed by fitting procedures to give characteristic times which are discusse…
Abstract Flame retardant fillers are of growing importance as they do not give the high smoke and corrosive gas emissions associated with some other flame retardants The basic characteristics of a flame retardant filler are described, together with the manufacture of the principal commercial types. Experimental result…
The results of x-ray-absorption spectroscopy investigations of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions in a nearly fully exchanged (93%) sodium \ensuremath{\beta}-alumina crystal are reported. The ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ local environment is reconstructed using a multishell best fit procedure and is compared with existing structural m…
Abstract This study evaluates hydrogels based on 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and diethylene glycol ester of methacrylic acid (DEGMA) as candidates for a suitable matrix for immobilizing marine bacteria. Results are presented of investigations of the effect of monomer structure and polymer composition on wettabi…
Abstract Sulfur vulcanization accelerators derived from 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) have been a staple for the rubber processing industry for over 65 years. Most noteworthy are the sulfenamide derivatives, which provide various combinations of scorch delay and cure rate, depending upon the basicity and steric nature…
Obviously, successive expertises in the processes of elementary materials are milestones which marked the early stages of mankind development (stone-age, bronze-age,...) and it is only since the beginning of the century that materials became multifunctional and required optimization of their different physical, mechan…
Al2O3:C has been found to exhibit high thermoluminescence (TL) response to UV radiation in addition to ionising radiation. Though the change in absorption spectra and the process of deposition of energy by UV in Al2O3:C are considerably different from that by ionising radiation, the TL emission and the behaviour of gl…
The eddy current field due to both windings and heavy current leads (HCL) in large power transformers is analyzed by using the improved T-/spl Omega/ method, in which T and /spl Omega/ can be solved separately in different subregions. Thus, storage capacity and CPU time can be saved to a great extent. In addition, the…
The chemical structure, including changes in charge distribution upon doping, for vapor-deposited polythiophene films has been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Two different methods of doping, coevaporation with FeCl3 and exposure to iodine vapor, are contrasted in this study and several chem…
When a soil is flooded, iron (Fe) reduction and methane (CH4) production occurred in sequence as predicted by thermodynamics. The dissolution and precipitation of Fe reflected both soil pH and soil redox potential (Eh). The objective of our experiment was to determine both CH4 production and Fe reduction as measured b…
Cellulose is abundant in nature, with the advantages of low-cost, biodegradable and biocompatible, low density and high strength. However, the development and application of cellulose has been lagging behind its potential due to its unique properties. Cellulose has a large quantity of hydroxyl groups which can easily…
The surface free energy (γ s ) of modified carbon fibers was determined by tensiometry and effects of CF4-O2 plasma treatment were evaluated. The treatment with the gas mixture in which oxygen was above 40% accelerated preferentially the oxidation of fiber surfaces and the nondispersive component of the surface free e…
Dielectric and electrooptic studies of 4′-[(S,S)-2,3-epoxyhexyloxy] phenyl 4-(decyloxy) benzoate (in short EHPDB) have been done and Goldstone mode (GM) and domain mode (DM) relaxation have been observed. The dielectric measurements have been done in the temperature range between 57˚C and 80˚C covering the N*, SmA*, S…
Silicon field emitter arrays have been fabricated and investigated. Four different field emission enhancement layers were studied: (1) porous silicon layers, (2) carbon films, (3) hydrogen implanted layers, (4) Cs-enriched layers. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of the tips. Comparison of…
Field emission has been observed from chemical vapor deposited diamond grown on Mo and Si substrates. Emission was observed at fields as low as 20 kV/cm. The samples were tested in the as-grown form, and after coating with thin films of Au, CsI, and Ni. The emission current was typically maximum at the onset of the ap…