Materials Literature
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Sonochemical engineering is a field involving the application of sonic and ultrasonic waves to chemical processing. Sonochemistry enhances or promotes chemical reactions and mass transfer. It offers the potential for shorter reaction cycles, cheaper reagents, and less extreme physical conditions, leading to less expen…
This article describes hybrid materials and systems in which the core integrity of inorganic nanobuilding blocks (NBBs) is preserved and reviews the main synthetic procedures presented in the literature. The relation between the NBB and the resulting hybrid networks is discussed for several striking examples: silicon…
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has a long and successful history as an analytical technique and is used extensively (McKelvy et al. , 1996; Stuart, 1996). It is mainly a complementary method to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and other methods used to investigate clays and clay minerals. It is an economical, rapid and common tech…
Following a seeding growth approach, gold nanoparticles of diameters 5−40 nm were prepared with 10−15% standard deviation in diameter from 3.5 ± 0.7 nm gold particle seeds. Particle size can be controlled by varying the ratio of seed to metal salt, and thus any size in the range 5−40 nm can be prepared. The method can…
We have produced nanotube-in-oil suspensions and measured their effective thermal conductivity. The measured thermal conductivity is anomalously greater than theoretical predictions and is nonlinear with nanotube loadings. The anomalous phenomena show the fundamental limits of conventional heat conduction models for s…
Abstract CEA, in the framework of its research and development activities in support of Liquid Metal Fast Reactors (LMFR), has developed experimental or demonstration plants, now at end of life, which are potential or existing sources of wastes containing sodium. The sodium waste management of CEA forecasts the dispos…
Surface-attached side group liquid crystal polymer monolayers ('brushes') swollen in a nematic solvent were studied by means of dynamic light scattering. In the temperature range 47.5-66°C, the swollen brush is nematic while the bulk liquid crystal is isotropic. Under these conditions the light scattering is dominated…
Many methods have been proposed for measuring exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in soils. Most of these methods are multi-step operations, which are time-consuming and, therefore, not applicable for routine soil tests. Speed and simplicity of operations are necessary. The objective of this study…
A complete numerical study of a two-dimensional nematic backflow problem is presented. Nematodynamic equations are reviewed, and characteristic scales are introduced. The relaxation under the application and suppression of a magnetic field is studied in square- and rectangular-shaped cells. Solutions for the flow fiel…
Recent methodological developments for determining potassium quantity–intensity (Q/I) relationships employing ion-selective electrodes offer a rapid means of carrying out such measurements for routine soil testing. In this investigation, various experimental factors in rapid measurements and their relevance to surface…
Abstract As soon as the decision of the final shutdown of SUPERPHENIX was taken, studies linked to the final shutdown and the decommissioning of this reactor were taken into considerations. Amongst all this studies, one concerns the final treatment of the remaining sodium of the primary vessel of the reactor (estimate…
Abstract For the decommissioning of the French 1200 MWe Liquid Metal Fast Reactor SUPERPHENIX, twenty-five processes were selected to pierce liquid sodium trapping zones after draining of the main vessel. Four processes were chosen and closely studied: mechanical drilling, laser shooting, high pressure liquid cutting,…
Main mechanisms of the anion (fluoride ion) transport in fluoride and oxyfluoride glasses are analysed. The variation in the transport number of F– ions depending on the glass composition is followed. Methods for optimisation of the conductivity characteristics of the glasses in question are considered. The prospects…
La(III), Ce(III), Th(IV) and UO2(VI) chelates with 3-phenyl-4-arylazo-5-pyrazolones have been synthesized and were characterized by several analytical tools such as elemental analyses, IR, NMR, TG and molar conductance techniques. The data obtained show that all of the prepared complexes contain water and/or alcohol m…
On the basis of a phase field model previously proposed in Cahn et al. (Acta Mater. 45, 4397-4413 (1997)) to describe the phenomenon of diffusion-induced grain boundary motion (DIGM), we present a formal asymptotic reduction to a moving free-boundary problem. This problem is one of enhanced motion by curvature. The en…
The (betaalpha)8-barrel is the most versatile and most frequently encountered fold among enzymes. It is an interesting question how the contemporary (betaalpha)8-barrels are evolutionarily related and by which mechanisms they evolved from more simple precursors. Comprehensive comparisons of amino acid sequences and th…
We have synthesized and investigated new 3-ring phenylacetylene liquid crystals with high birefringence values (Δn) to improve the nematic temperature range while retaining a high optical anisotropy. In the case of modifying the terminal ring, the introduction of branched alkoxy chains, fluorine or methyl groups shift…
A new series of achiral compounds with banana-shaped molecules ('E n ') has been synthesized and studied by the classical techniques (optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, miscibility studies and electro-optic investigations). The short homologues (E7-E10) give switchable smectic me…
A study was conducted to examine phosphorus (P) sorption and immediate desorption in 0.01 M CaCl2 in unmanured and manured grassland and arable soils after chemical treatment designed to remove organic matter [sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)], aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides [dithionite-citrate], and acid soluble mater…
A series of intermolecular hydrogen bonding complexes, 2,2'-bipyridine: p- n-alkoxybenzoic acids (BP : nABA) was isolated from liquid crystalline p-n-alkoxybenzoic acids (nABA) (where n represents alkoxy carbon numbers, 3 to 10 and 12) and a non-mesogen, 2,2'-bipyridine (BP). The thermal and phase behaviour of these c…