Materials Literature
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This contribution describes two different approaches aimed at the synthesis of monolayer molecular sheets with internal order, or, in other words, 2D polymers. First, an interfacial strategy is presented in which terpyridene-based hexafunctional monomers spread at the air/water interface are connected to one another w…
Abstract Carbon steel pipelines are being used across the world as a cost effective option for wet gas transportation. When these pipelines operate in a stratified flow regime, top-of-line (TOL) corrosion can occur as a result of water condensation at the top of the pipeline in the presence of corrosive species such a…
Abstract The use of high density brine is required for High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) gas condensate wells to ensure safe well operations during drilling and completion phases. Cesium formate brine is one of the latest high-density brine used for this application, being both environmentally friendly and non-cor…
Abstract Scaling, which is the formation of insoluble inorganic solids, is a major problem in water treatment plants and in the oil industry. Millions of dollars are spent each year to prevent the occurrence of scale. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and barium sulfate (BaSO4) are common types of scale encountered in these s…
Abstract In multiphase gas pipelines constructed from carbon steel, there is a threat to the system integrity due to top-of-line corrosion. In wet gas pipelines, produced water has a tendency to condense at the top-of-the pipeline as the temperature and pressure decreases, causing corrosion at the 12 o'clock position.…
Abstract There is an increasing demand for high strength (more than 110 ksi grade) tubing that is applicable at high temperatures between 175 and 200°C for XHPHT (Extreme High Pressure and High Temperature) wells in mildly sour environments. Super 13Cr stainless steels categorized as "13-5-2" in ISO13680 are typically…
Abstract A novel multifunctional poly(aryl ether) with both pendant oligoaniline and fluorene groups (PAE‐ p ‐OF) was synthesized by nucleophilic polycondensation and characterized by 1 H NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared spectra, and gel permeation chromatography. The polymer showed excellent solubility in common organ…
Abstract The susceptibility of High Strength Low Alloy steels to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) in H2S containing environments is evaluated by NACE TM0177-2005 test methods. Those SSC tests are commonly conducted at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. However, because of the severity of some O&G wells, there…
Abstract Frequently, water injection pipelines do not last their design life due to corrosion problems. More often than not, the reason has been ‘channelling’ or ‘grooving’ corrosion at the bottom of the carbon steel pipeline. Once this mechanism does manifest itself within a pipeline, it may not be stopped, only slow…
Insulin fibrils were used as a biotemplate to attach gold nanoparticles to silicon wafer surfaces for application as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. Gold nanoparticles (NP) attach to the insulin fibrils through electrostatic interactions forming chains of discreet NPs. A combination of 4-aminothio…
Glass with a low transition temperature (Tg) has the advantage of extending the service life of molding dies. However, low Tg glasses normally demonstrate poor chemical durability and scratch resistance. The molding of low Tg chalcogenide glasses is very challenging due to their fragile and unstable characteristics. T…
Abstract By now it is common knowledge that stainless steels ranging from UNS S31600 up to 6% Molybdenum stainless steels and (super)duplex stainless steels do not always resist seawater. Even for fresh natural water it is well known that 2% Molybdenum stainless steels such as UNS S31600 may fail if aggressive biofilm…
Abstract Previous studies of our group showed that Zn-Al-Mg hot-dip galvanized steel sheets have a superior corrosion resistance compared to conventional hot-dip galvanized steel sheets. This work especially focuses on the stability of this material at different pH values and the formation of corrosion products. There…
Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the actual status of its problems, regional distribution and mitigation measures studies of black powder inside of Chinese long-distance natural gas pipelines. The information documented in this paper was analyzing basic information, operating parameters, gas…
Abstract This paper summarizes the structural materials used in light water reactors (LWRs), their historical degradation evolution vs. time, improvements and subsequent vulnerabilities discovered, and possible future degradation phenomena over long-term operation. Little was known about high temperature water environ…
Abstract During the transportation of wet gas, temperature gradient between the internals of the pipeline and the outside environment leads to the condensation of water vapor. Freshly condensed water is very corrosive and can lead to the so-called Top-of-the-Line Corrosion (TLC). However, a certain fraction of hydroca…
Abstract About 90% of the world's bioenergy is produced by burning renewable biomass fuels. Low-cost biomass fuels such as agricultural wastes typically contain more alkali metals and chlorine than conventional fuels. Although the efficiency of a boiler’s steam cycle can be increased by raising its maximum steam tempe…
Abstract A 2000-liter, large scale flow loop with 10 cm I.D. pipeline and three different test sections has been used over several years with the goal of understanding the mechanisms involved in H2S/CO2 corrosion environments. Mild steel from an API 5L X65 pipeline was used for the flush-mounted weight loss samples in…
Abstract The annulus of an unbonded flexible pipe contains armouring layers, which are typically made of carbon steel wires. The annulus is characterized by having a low ratio of free volume (V) to steel surface area (S). Typically the V/S ratio is below 0.1 ml/cm2. The free volume may be wetted with water and influen…
Abstract Top-of-the-Line (TOL) corrosion is a significant problem associated with the transportation of wet natural gas in the oil and gas industry. It has the potential to cost the industry millions of dollars every year through the replacement of affected pipelines and lost or deferred production. There is increasin…