Materials Literature
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A comparative analysis is made of the errors in deriving the optical parameters (n, refractive index; k, absorption coefficient; d, film thickness) of thin films from spectrophotometric measurements at normal light incidence. The errors in determining n, k, and d by the (TR(f)R(b)), (TR(f)R(m)), (TR(b)R(m)), (TR(f)),…
By the use of the correct Fourier factorization rules presented in an earlier paper by Li the Fourier modal method (FMM) for anisotropic surface-relief gratings is reformulated. The newly formulated FMM converges much faster than the old formulation when the permittivity contrast in the grating groove region is large.…
The Hall effect and its systematic variation with doping level $(x)$ and temperature have been investigated for crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ $(0.18<~x<~0.50)$ with perovskite structure. The ordinary Hall coefficient ${(R}_{H})$ at 4.2 K indicates that the carr…
The trend toward a deregulated global electricity market is raising utility cost consciousness. An important aspect of cost savings is equipment investment for the power transmission system, and power transformers are among the most expensive elements of a high voltage power system. Cost savings can be realized throug…
Starburst dendrimers (SBDs) of different generations (size) and level of protonations of their surface amino groups and solutions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles were analyzed, both separately and in mixtures of the two components, by negative-staining transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic…
An experimental analysis technique is described for accurate extraction of the coherence length and the complex third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3) in films or bulk optical glasses from the Maker fringes obtained by third-harmonic generation measurements. This method permits calculation of the third-order suscep…
The method of stimulated echoes was used to investigate the reorientational mechanism in the selectively deuterated glass-former glycerol, C3D5(OH)3 about 15 K above its calorimetric glass temperature. The reorientation process is fully isotropic. This enables an accurate determination of the decay constant, T1Q, of t…
Structure–property relationship studies have been performed in the La-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) solution as a function of quenched La impurity content and Zr/Ti ratio by transmission electron microscopy, lattice imaging, and dielectric spectroscopy. Investigations were performed for 65/35⩽Zr/Ti⩽90/10. Th…
Certain aspects of the methodology of genetic algorithms for global structural optimization of clusters were studied. Through systematic investigations of Lennard-Jones clusters with up to 100 atoms, several modifications were made to the genetic algorithm introduced by Deaven and Ho [ Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75, 288].…
X-ray diffraction data have been collected at both low (120 K) and room temperature from triclinic crystals of hen egg-white lysozyme to 0.925 and 0.950 A resolution, respectively, using synchrotron radiation. Data from one crystal were sufficient for the low-temperature study, whereas three crystals were required at…
The polymerization of D,L-lactide in the presence of zinc metal was investigated for low values of the monomer/catalyst ratio in order to allow end-group characterization of the growing chains by high resolution 360MHz 1H NMR. The results showed that the polymerization was moisture sensitive and that only a fraction o…
In this paper, an accurate method for computing the elecromagnetic field distribution in lamellar gratings is proposed. The method that relies on the rigorous coupled-wave analysis provides accurate numerical results and avoids possible sources of artefacts due to permittivity discontinuities. Its performance is analy…
Mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK) is a central enzyme in energy metabolism of tissues with high and fluctuating energy requirements. In this review, recent progress in the functional and structural characterization of Mi-CK is summarized with special emphasis on the solved X-ray structure of chicken Mib-CK octamer…
Abstract The effects of dissolved supercritical carbon dioxide on the viscosity and morphological properties were investigated for polyethylene/polystyrene blends in a twin‐screw extruder. The viscosities of the blend/CO 2 solutions were measured using a wedge die mounted on the extruder. A considerable reduction of v…
Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) can be doped with La 3+ ions via partial substitution for Ba 2+ ions; charge balance is maintained by the creation of Ti 4+ vacancies. Samples processed in an atmosphere of 1 bar O 2 and a temperature of 1350°C are insulating and free from electronic defects associated with either O 2 loss o…
In the computation of magnetic fields for rotating electric machines, transformers, and reactors, the hysteresis nonlinearity sometimes has to be taken into account. Nowadays, many scalar hysteresis models are known for one-directional fields. The main problem with using these models is that the models are complicated…
Thin, boron‐doped diamond films formed on a silicon substrate were evaluated during water electrolysis in acidic solution in order to determine their potential for industrial use. Though the electrode exhibited overvoltages in excess of 2 V in the industrial current range, ozone gas was produced at a current efficienc…
The functionalization of spider silk fibers promises to produce high-strength fibers with very interesting properties, for example, magnetism. A method is described to prepare hybrid spider silk materials by binding inorganic nanoparticles to the surface or near-surface region of a silk fiber immersed in a colloidal s…
We have developed an optical method for single-shot spatially resolved shock-wave peak-pressure measurements. A schlieren technique and streak photography were used to follow the propagation of the shock wave. The shock position r as a function of time was extracted from the streak images by digital image-processing t…
The effects of remaining monomer on hydrolysis of poly(DL-lactide) were examined by adding different amounts of monomer to purified polymer samples. The existence of monomer in the polymerization products was found to enhance hydrolytic degradation of the polymer. A porous texture was observed on the SEM photographs o…