Materials Literature
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Abstract The rate of carbon dioxide corrosion is conventionally recognized to be independent of the flow velocity at ambient temperatures. However in the presence of trace levels of dissolved oxygen (<15 ppb) it has been found that the rate of carbon dioxide corrosion can exhibit a strong flow dependence. Corro…
Abstract Ormen Lange gas/condensate field is developed with a subsea to shore concept at sea depth of approximately 1000 meters. Unprocessed gas, condensate and MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol)/water will be transported through two 120 km carbon steel pipelines. Formation of hydrates will be prevented by use of regenerated…
Abstract The influence of steel microstructure, pre-corrosion period and 1 %Cr content addition on CO2 corrosion susceptibility of C-Mn steels and on the inhibitor performance has been studied. In a previous paper, we have shown that the addition of 1 %Cr has a remarkable detrimental effect on inhibitor performance1.…
Abstract In the majority of the published work related to organic acid corrosion of mild steel, the focus is on acetic acid due to its prevalence in a typical organic acid mix seen in the field. In this work, the electrochemical behaviour of X65 carbon steel in the presence of other important organic acids (formic and…
Abstract Corrosion in service is a serious problem for most military operations. The cost of corrosion includes manpower, materials used to repair corrosion damage, equipment downtime, and reduced capacity due to corrosion damage. A considerable number of corrosion problems can be solved by coatings. However, even the…
Abstract The scale control challenges for a large North Sea carbonate reservoir are reviewed in this paper. Field data from a reservoir where the process of scale ion stripping between the seawater injection well and production wells is known to occur is studied in detail to identify if it is possible to predict the i…
Abstract For more than 60 years now, internal plastic coatings have been used for corrosion protection, hydraulic improvement, and deposition mitigation in tubular goods and drill pipe. Internal plastic coatings have historically proven to be a long-term corrosion control solution, even with difficult to treat applica…
Abstract An important aspect in corrosion prediction for oil and gas wells and pipelines is to obtain a realistic estimate of the corrosion rate. Corrosion rate prediction involves developing a predictive model that utilizes commonly available operational parameters, existing lab/field data and theoretical models to o…
Abstract Methanol is commonly used in the oil industry as a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor. In world regions with extended winter seasons, significant amounts of methanol are injected into wells and pipelines. Previous studies have demonstrated that the presence of methanol in sour conditions can lead to higher corro…
Abstract Corrosion inhibitors have been used for many years for protecting oil and gas pipelines. The application of small quantities of an inhibitor to production fluids is often one of the most cost-effective methods for imparting corrosion protection in a system. However, even though the practice has become ubiquit…
Abstract Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is estimated to be a factor in causing about 30-40% of total corrosion-related failures. This type of corrosion results from the formation of biofilms on metal surfaces. The activities of a consortium of microorganisms in the biofilm influence corrosion by altering…
Abstract Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel in fuel ethanol service has been observed in an increasing number of failures in the last few years. This increase in failures is also due to the increasing use of ethanol for fuel applications. However, these failures have reportedly occurred only in terminal s…
Abstract Microorganisms, including those that influence corrosion, are present almost everywhere in soil, freshwater, well-water, and seawater. The mere detection of microrganisms in an environment does not necessarily indicates a corrosion problem. What is important however, is the unique combination of microorganism…
Abstract Acetic acid and CO2 corrosion was investigated on carbon steel specimens covered with iron carbonate (FeCO3) layers. The tests were carried out at 80 °C, 0.5 bar CO2, using rotating cylinder electrodes. Protective iron carbonate layers did form in solutions with high FeCO3 supersaturation, both in presence an…
The poorly vascularized fibrous capsule that develops around implantable biomedical devices (for drug delivery, biosensors, etc.) severely limits their applications. We tested the hypotheses that co-implantation of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells could stimulate the vascularization of implants. To assess the pres…
Abstract Localized CO2 corrosion on mild steel is always associated with the partial breakdown of a protective corrosion product scale such as iron carbonate. The scale breakdown can happen for a variety of reasons many of them related to fluid flow. It is hypothesized that following the scale damage, a galvanic effec…
Abstract The susceptibility of 22 Cr and 25 Cr duplex stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking under evaporative seawater conditions has been evaluated using a modified drop evaporation test. Failure of both steels occurred at temperatures as low as 105 °C. Observation of patchy corrosion and occasional pitting b…
Abstract This paper discusses two common problems, “weld tenting” and low coating thickness over the external weld, and their causes in traditional three layer polyolefin pipeline coatings. To tackle these problems, a new approach to applying multilayer polyolefin coating to pipes is introduced. The new system consist…
Abstract Stress orientated Hydrogen Induced cracking (SOHIC) is a manifestation of sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in C-Mn steels by a mechanism involving the linking of planar cracks normal to the primary propagation direction of the crack. It has been known for many years, and the solution has been considered to be th…
Abstract Since the introduction of the NORSOK M-501 standard some incidents of major coating failure by cracking and flaking have been reported for offshore installations in the Norwegian sector. Internal stress has often been mentioned as an important factor in these types of degradation. The purpose with this invest…