Materials Literature
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Abstract Herein we report chemical and electrochemical formation of poly(3‐methoxyethoxythiophene) and its copolymers with aniline, thiophene and pyrrole which give highly conducting polymeric materials. These are soluble in common organic solvents in the conducting state. The response mechanism of these compounds, to…
Poly(propyleneimine) dendrimers with stearyl end groups are investigated as inverse micelles in toluene. While the initial dendrimers have a spherical structure with a collapsed core, solubilization of metal salt hydrate leads to the formation of cylindrical multidendrimer structures with swollen, metal-salt-filled de…
A model description for the evaporation kinetics from glass melts in direct contact with static atmospheres or flowing gas phases is presented. The derived models and equations are based on the solution of the second Ficks’ diffusion law and quasi‐steady‐state mass transfer relations, taking into account changing melt…
What is happening when a soap bubble floats on the air? How do bubbles coalesce to form beautiful three-dimensional clusters? The physical-based model and animation described herein provide the answers. This paper deals with a complete computer simulation of soap bubbles from a dynamic perspective, which should prove…
Phase separation in a sol–gel process of SiO 2 –ZrO 2 in the presence of polyethylene oxide is investigated. An amorphous gel with interconnected macroporous morphology is obtained when phase separation and sol–gel transition concur to fix a transitional structure of spinodal decomposition. Macropore size, together wi…
We report the preparation and characterization of viologen-functionalized generation 2, 4, and 6 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers. An amidation reaction between the succinimide ester of 1-ethyl-1‘-(3-propionic acid)-4,4‘-bipyridylium dibromide and the dendrimer primary amines resulted in 13−34% end group functional…
Adhesion behavior of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) copper (Cu) films on various barrier substrates was studied using a pull-off test. The mean adhesion strength of Cu films on air-exposed physical vapor deposition (PVD) Ta, air-exposed CVD TiN, in situ PVD TiN, and in situ CVD TiN were determined to be 3.42, 4.74, 4.…
Organic frameworks have tempting properties for nanostructured heterogenous catalysts with active sites that are size- and pH-tunable, yet working examples are sparse. The authors present a promising structure type, i.e., cross-linked assemblies of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs), whose polar termini form ordered cha…
A homogeneous stress field imposed on a polycrystalline sample containing elastically anisotropic crystallites produces an inhomogeneous strain field. The average strain causes a shift of the diffraction-line position, and the variance of the strain is a measure of line broadening. Though the shift of the line is comm…
The new charge-transfer salt β‘ ‘-(BEDT-TTF)4[(H3O)Cr(C2O4)3]S, where BEDT-TTF = bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene and S = CH2Cl2, has a broad metal−insulator transition at approximately 150 K. This differs from similar salts in the BEDT-TTF tris(oxalato) metalate series, notably the superconducting materials with…
Transparent inorganic oxide coatings on polymers are playing an increasingly important role in pharmaceutical, food, and beverage packaging, and more recently in encapsulation of organic, light-emitting display devices. Such coatings are being prepared by physical or by chemical vacuum-deposition methods. They possess…
Local tumor therapy using focused ultrasonic waves may become an important treatment option. This technique exploits the ability of mechanical waves to induce thermal and nonthermal effects noninvasively. The cytotoxicity to cultured cells and biological tissues in vivo that results from exposure to ultrasonic shock w…
Iodized X-ray contrast media (XRC) for medical applications are responsible for the high concentration of AOX (halogenated organic compounds adsorbable on activated carbon) in hospital wastewater exceeding the legal German discharge limit. The refractory properties of these substances lead to an accumulation in the na…
A model is presented for the interaction of ultraviolet (UV) light with germanium-doped silica glass. It is assumed that germanium sites work as gates for transferring the excitation energy into the silica. In the material the excitation induces forbidden transitions to two different defect states which are responsibl…
The new gas installations of combined cycle (GICC) thermal power plants for production of electricity are more efficient than conventional thermal power plants, but they produce a high quantity of wastes in the form of slags and fly ashes. Nowadays, these by-products are stored within the production plants with, until…
The relationship between the morphology and rheology of phase-separated biopolymer mixtures is investigated. Biopolymer mixtures, which are utilized in the food industry for their textural and structuring properties, often phase separate and demix to form water-in-water emulsions. Controlling the morphology of biopoly…
Fertilizer use in coffee plantations is a suspected cause of rising ground water nitrate concentrations in the ground water-dependent Central Valley of Costa Rica. Nitrate adsorption was evaluated beneath two coffee (Coffea arabica L.) plantations in the Central Valley. Previous work at one site had identified unsatur…
The polycondensation of D,L-lactic acid upon microwave irradiation was studied. The results of polycondensation by means of microwave were compared to those obtained from conventional heating of lactic acid at 100°C, and it was found that the reaction proceeds with much higher rate upon microwave irradiation. The olig…
Chain dynamics in amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. A previously developed model was adopted with some improvements. Torsional potentials were modified to reflect the results of quantum chemistry calculations and also to accommodate more precise experim…
Abstract A survey of the clay fraction at the surface of 86 loam and silt loam agricultural soils from the Central United States was undertaken to observe the possible influences of climate and parent material (dominantly phyllosilicates in this study) on the clay mineralogy of the upper portions of the soils, for the…