Materials Literature
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We describe a serial bideposition technique in which a tilted substrate is rotated stepwise by half a turn about a normal axis during the evaporation of a metal oxide from a single electron-beam source. Coatings formed by the new method develop a columnar nanostructure that is perpendicular to the substrate and has gr…
The elastic moduli El of the crystalline regions of α-chitin and chitosan in the direction parallel to the chain axis were measured by X-ray diffraction. The El values were 41 GPa for α-chitin, and 65 GPa for chitosan, respectively, at 20°C. The contracted skeletons of α-chitin and chitosan are the key factor for the…
Gas bubbles driven in radial oscillations are subject to an instability of the spherical shape that is opposed by surface tension and viscosity. An exact linear formulation for the study of the phenomenon has been available for many years, but its complexity has discouraged a detailed investigation. With the recent th…
Specific reaction conditions for automated continuous flow analysis of phosphate are optimized in regard to minimizing coating and silicate interference, while maintaining high sensitivity. Use of Sb in the reagent increases sensitivity and yields absorbances with little temperature dependence. Coating can be minimize…
Single bubble sonoluminescence is not an exotic phenomenon but can quantitatively be accounted for by applying a few well-known, simple concepts: the Rayleigh–Plesset dynamics of the bubble’s radius, polytropic uniform heating of the gas inside the bubble during collapse, the dissociation of molecular gases, and therm…
Recent technological improvements in crystallographic data collection have led to a surge in the number of protein structures being determined at atomic or near-atomic resolution. At this resolution, structural models can be expanded to include anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) for individual atoms. New proto…
Multiple‐quantum magic‐angle spinning (MQMAS) 17 O NMR spectroscopy has been applied to study boron oxide, sodium borate, sodium potassium borosilicate, and sodium boroaluminate glasses. Up to eight distinct oxygen sites are identified, with the chemical shift and quadrupolar coupling parameters determined for each. P…
Abstract A general methodology is proposed for the synthesis of practically‐implementable nonlinear output feedback controllers for spatially‐homogeneous particulate processes modeled by population balance equations. Initially, a nonlinear model reduction procedure based on a combination of the method of weighted resi…
A unique ligand design allows the formation of both an M2L3 triple helicate and an M4L6 tetrahedron (M=Ti, Ga; L=ligand based on 2,6-diaminoanthracene). Although the tetrahedron is entropically disfavored, a strong host–guest interaction with Me4N+ is enough to drive the equilibrium towards the tetrahedron. Remarkably…
Maleic anhydride (MAn) was grafted onto aliphatic and aromatic/aliphatic copolyesters by reactive extrusion in the presence of a free radical initiator using a twin-screw extruder. The grafting reaction was confirmed by spectroscopic analyses. The presence of succinic anhydride groups was shown by FT-IR spectroscopy,…
Polymer films are playing an important role in the development of micromachined sensors and actuators, fast logic circuits, and organic optoelectronic devices. The thermal properties of polyimide films govern the temporal response of many micromachined thermomechanical actuators, such as ciliary arrays. This work deve…
A structural model is proposed to explain the abnormal broadening of the (10ℓ) and (20ℓ) lines in the X‐ray diffraction pattern of nickel hydroxide. This model, based on a hypothesis of the presence of stacking faults, allows us to rationalize the empirically established relationship between the presence of such pecul…
The behavior of mesoscopic particles dissolved in a dilute solution of long, flexible, and nonadsorbing polymer chains is studied by field-theoretic methods. For spherical and cylindrical particles the solvation free energy for immersing a single particle in the solution is calculated explicitly. Important features ar…
The mechanism of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by C 3 H 6 on Al 2 O 3 was investigated using in situ IR spectroscopy. Attention was focused on the reactivity of the adsorbed acetate and nitrates on the Al 2 O 3 surface. IR spectra showed that the reaction starts with the nitrates formation from NO + O…
The glass transition temperature T g and the temperature T α corresponding to the peak in the dielectric loss due to the α-process have been simultaneously determined as functions of the film thickness d through dielectric measurements for thin films of polystyrene. A decrease of T g was observed with decreasing film…
Microbiologically‐influenced corrosion (MIC) is extremely harmful to both the industry and the environment. Sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are also important: we have to know what they really are and what they really do to us; this means we have to improve our understanding of SRB and their characteristics. MIC is th…
A frequency independent or nearly frequency independent contribution to the dielectric loss is present in all ionic conductors independent of the chemical and physical structures. An exhaustive collection of dielectric relaxation data of glassy, crystalline, and molten ionic conductors are analyzed to obtain the magni…
Abstract This is the first comprehensive study on the optimization of seed distribution in a crystallization process. For a batch crystallizer, a dynamic programming formulation optimizes a property of the product crystals over the supersaturation profile and the seed characteristics, namely the mean size of the seed…
The new photochromic supramolecular system 1 is based on the E→Z isomerization of an azobenzene substituted with cyclic peptides with alternating D- and L-α-amino acids. This system allows reversible switching between inter- and intramolecularly assembled cylindrical β-sheet structures in solution as well as in thin f…
A series of chitosan–gelatin complexes was prepared by varying the ratio of constituents. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the amount of the different states of water. The interaction between chitosan and gelatin was checked by IR and X-ray analysis and was related to mechanical strength. The re…