Materials Literature
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We develop a microscopic model for the mixed alkali effect in crystals of the $\ensuremath{\beta}$- and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$-alumina type, which is based on the formation of certain mobile defects and the fact that different types of mobile ions have a different preference to become pa…
We present calculations using a simple model of radiative recombination in 2D slabs, 1D wires, and 0D spheres of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) showing a significant size dependence of the photoluminescence. Room-temperature peak emission energies ≳1.8 eV and efficiencies near unity are possible in a-Si:H sph…
These results reflect what is believed to be the first observation of electron emission from carbon-doped boron nitride (BN). The n-type BN films were synthesized on n-type polycrystalline diamond on (100)Si using reactive laser ablation. The electron emission current density measured at room temperature shows a power…
Simple shearing flow of a dry soap foam composed of identical Kelvin cells is analysed. An undeformed Kelvin cell has six planar quadrilateral faces with curved edges and eight non-planar hexagonal faces with zero mean curvature. The elastic-plastic response of the foam is modelled by determining the bubble shape that…
We introduce a new methodology to vitrify thin, freely suspended liquid films containing a single layer of nanometer sized particles. The procedure relies on the precise optical control of the stepwise film thinning (stratification) process. We illustrate the applicability of the method to three different types of par…
We report nanometer-sized silicon (Si) crystallites prepared by excimer laser ablation in constant pressure inert gas ambient. Size distribution of the Si ultrafine particles depends on the pressure of inert gas ambients. The relation between the average size and the ambient pressure can be explained by an inertia flu…
Experimental studies show that the density of a vibrated granular material evolves from a low density initial state into a higher density final steady state. The relaxation towards the final density value follows an inverse logarithmic law. We propose a simple stochastic adsorption-desorption process which captures th…
Band structures of C60-polymers are studied changing conjugation conditions and the electron number. We use a Su-Schrieffer-Heeger type semiempirical model. In the neutral C60-polymer, electronic structures change among direct-gap insulator and the metal, depending on the degree of conjugations. The C60-polymer doped…
Abstract Corrosion inhibitors for drinking water use must address multiple objectives: control of lead, copper, and undersiable aesthetic or dininfection problems. Only inhibitors based on families of orthophosphate, polyphosphate and silicate chemicals are permitted because of toxicity concerns, and they must meet ce…
Abstract One inhibitor was studied in detail to determine the effect of solvent, temperature, concentration and contact time on inhibitor application. The laboratory corrosion tests used the rotating cylinder electrode and linear polarization to measure the corrosion rate. The corrosion rate was also verified by iron…
Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical noise analysis (ENA) were used as combined techniques to study and evaluate the film persistency of several commercial batch treatment inhibitors which are used for protecting oil-wells, gas-wells or pipelines from CO2 corrosion. It was found th…
Abstract The objective was to generate knowledge about the effects of the corrosion induced changes of the surface on the corrosion and electrochemical kinetics of carbon steels and pure iron exposed to aqueous CO2 solutions. Besides its fundamental interest, the knowledge is needed for the development of better steel…
Abstract An attempt has been made to provide directions to select the various corrosion inhibitors for different areas of petroleum industry based on their available structure-activity relationship. The present review highlights the utility of most of the inhibitors (used in production, handling, and distillation of c…
Abstract Effects of corrosion inhibitors on corrosion products of iron or steel in aqueous solutions are reviewed. Several organic and inorganic compounds seem to have sufficient inhibition effects on rusted surfaces, but details such as the mechanism or influence of solution properties are not known. Although the com…
The authors report field and experimental growth of microbially induced corrosion (MIC) at high temperature in the condenser of a geothermal electric power unit. Four chambers containing polished and disinfected 304L stainless steel tubes were exposed to the condenser environment during 2, 4, 6, and 8 months respectiv…
Abstract This paper reviews fundamental corrosion issues concerning the Crude Unit process. It is, in concise form: a description of the process and major equipment found in the Crude Unit; types of corrosion and where they occur; corrosion monitoring and inspection advice; and a list of related references for further…
Abstract The development of a potentiostatic method for determining the potential independent Critical Pitting Temperature (CPT) using the Avesta Cell is presented. The new potentiostatic method has been used to determine the CPT for austenitic stainless steels. The precision of the potentiostatic method of approximat…
Abstract A new mechanistic model for environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) of metallic materials is presented. In this model the mechanism of cracking involves selective dissolution or oxidation of metallic cations in the oxide film and transport of the generated vacancies to the base metal ahead of the crack tip. T…
Abstract External stress-corrosion cracking of pipelines is a serious problem for the gas transmission industry. Longitudinal cracks initiate on the outside surface of the pipe and link up to form flaws that, in some cases, can lead to pipe rupture. This paper presents a model that quantifies the effect of stress-corr…
Abstract Corrosion resistance of some downhole tubing materials were studied in a recirculating flow loop simulating conditions that induce flow enhanced corrosion. The selected materials included carbon steels (AISI 1018, API X-52), coiled tubing, 0.5% Cr, and 13% Cr (AISI 420) martensitic steel The X-52 steel showed…