Materials Literature
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This chapter reviews the most commonly employed morphological techniques such as optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It focuses on their applications in the field of chitin‐based nanocomposites. OM is a powerful techniq…
This chapter summarizes key topics in the field of multifunctional self-cleaning surfaces, concentrating on the materials and recent development of fabrication techniques using layer-by-layer assembly. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic assembly approaches are discussed, and the principles of antireflection and the mechanism…
The shape of an equilibrium crystal is obtained, according to the Gibbs thermodynamic principle, by minimizing the total surface free energy associated to the crystal-medium interface. To study the solution to this problem, known as the Wulff construction, is the object of the article.
This chapter reviews cellulose‐based nanocomposites where the nano‐phase component can be cellulose nanofibers or cellulose nanocrystals. The matrix phase can be comprised of cellulose, a cellulose derivative, or more typically a synthetic or bioderived polymer. The cellulose can be derived from many sources with the…
In this thesis, fibres extracted from hemp plant and bio-composites polypropylene reinforced by short hemp fibres was investigated. Experimental studies coupled to numerical modelling have enabled to understand and determined their mechanical behaviour taking into account the geometrical shape, the natural defects and…
This chapter provides an overview of chitin nanocomposites. The basics of chitin physicochemical characteristics are presented first as an introduction to the unique characteristics of chitin that make it desirable for nanocomposite processing. Next, the chapter focuses on natural chitin‐based bionanocomposites such a…
This chapter reports the mechanical properties of starch‐based nanocomposite materials, considering that the starchy material can be used either as the continuous polymeric phase (matrix), or the nanodispersed phase (filler), or both. The first section of the chapter discusses the reinforcing effect of the different f…
During the last few years the development of innovative textiles with added value has become a focus of interest in the textile industry. The use of TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 in the form of semiconductor colloids or/and powders or a combination of both leads to partial or total stain removal in the case of natural and artifi…
Starch is an abundant, inexpensive, naturally renewable, and biodegradable polysaccharide found in the roots, stalks, and seeds of staple crops such as rice, corn, wheat, tapioca, and potato. Chemical modification of nanosized starch particles expands the types of polymers that can possibly be used as matrices. This c…
As most of the biodegradable polymers find their origin in other alternate renewable sources, their use in the polymer composites technology is attractive; however, their use as an alternative to commercial nonbiodegradable polymers has emerged both as a goal and as a challenge. Bionanocomposites lead to improved perf…
Computing ground states of local Hamiltonians is a fundamental problem in\ncondensed matter physics. We give the first randomized polynomial-time\nalgorithm for finding ground states of gapped one-dimensional Hamiltonians: it\noutputs an (inverse-polynomial) approximation, expressed as a matrix product\nstate (MPS) of…
Nanocellulose‐reinforced biocomposites could soon provide advanced performance, durability, value, service life, and utility while at the same time being a fully sustainable technology. Potential applications include, but are not limited to, barrier films, antimicrobial films, transparent films, flexible displays, rei…
Starch has been considered as an attractive biodegradable filler because of its low cost, low density, nonabrasive nature, and biodegradability. Starch is a heterogeneous material containing two microstructures: linear (amylose) and branched (amylopectin). A number of researchers have presented work in the field of st…
This chapter focuses on the ability of protein‐based materials for preserving food quality and safety. First, it presents the structure of proteins and the possible processing routes to preparing protein‐based nanocomposites. Next, the chapter discusses how the incorporation of nanofillers can modulate mechanical and…
The chapter is divided into two parts. The first part considers the aspects of clay roofing tile durability with regard to the ability to withstand external climatic conditions as well as the weathering processes due to attack by microorganisms. Clay roofing tile resistance toward these actions is a very complicated p…
With the rising demand for advanced functional and intelligent fibrous materials, fibers with photocatalytic self-cleaning functions have been witnessing increasing interest. Due to the promising properties of nanosized photosensitive substances in decaying undesired contaminants, intensive research is being conducted…
Starch is either used as extracted from the plant and is called “native starch,” or it undergoes one or more chemical modifications to reach specific properties and is called “modified starch.” The preparation of starch nanocrystals (SNCs) is based on native starches. Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) can schematically be d…
Native cellulose I is considered the key source of nanocellulose. This chapter deals specifically with the preparation and characterization of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) or cellulose whiskers and the current state of their commercial development. Cellulose whiskers are obtained by acid hydrolysis of various forms…
Preparation of nanoscaled polymeric assemblies such as nanofibers and nanowhiskers is one of the most useful methods to practically utilize polymeric materials as observed in the case of cellulose. There are two major processes to produce the chitin nanofibers or nanowhiskers from the chitin source: one is disentangle…
This chapter describes isolation and characterization of natural chitin nanofibers (CNFs) from different sources and the composite preparations from these NFs. CNFs are isolated from different sources such as crab shells, prawn shells, shrimp shells, and edible mushrooms. CNFs were isolated from the cell walls of mush…