Materials Literature
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Native cellulose I is considered the key source of nanocellulose. This chapter deals specifically with the preparation and characterization of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) or cellulose whiskers and the current state of their commercial development. Cellulose whiskers are obtained by acid hydrolysis of various forms…
Preparation of nanoscaled polymeric assemblies such as nanofibers and nanowhiskers is one of the most useful methods to practically utilize polymeric materials as observed in the case of cellulose. There are two major processes to produce the chitin nanofibers or nanowhiskers from the chitin source: one is disentangle…
This chapter describes isolation and characterization of natural chitin nanofibers (CNFs) from different sources and the composite preparations from these NFs. CNFs are isolated from different sources such as crab shells, prawn shells, shrimp shells, and edible mushrooms. CNFs were isolated from the cell walls of mush…
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Influence of Size-Induced Oxidation State of Platinum Nanoparticles on Selectivity and Activity in Catalytic Methanol Oxidation in the Gas PhaseHailiang Wang, Yihai Wang, Zhongwei Zhu, Andras Sapi, Kwangjin An,…
Researchers are currently developing and modifying biobased materials that have various applications in different fields. Ecological concerns are the main reasons behind this renewed interest in natural and compostable materials. Biopolymers are said to be from renewable sources because they are made from materials th…
In the scientific world, “bionanocomposite” has become a common term to designate those polymeric materials involving a biopolymer, produced from plants or microorganisms or by other biological processes, reinforced with inorganic/organic fillers showing at least one dimension on the nanometer scale. Lignin is primari…
This chapter highlights the impact of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) on the thermal properties of polymers and provides insight into the composite morphologies down to the molecular scale. With a particular focus on semicrystalline biodegradable polymers, the chapter attempts to decipher the role of CNF surface attribute…
Starch nanoparticles have been the focus of an exponentially increasing number of works devoted to developing biocomposites by blending starch nanoparticles with different biopolymeric matrices. This chapter focuses on applications of starch nanofillers (nanoparticles) used in natural polymer matrices and synthetic po…
The chapter provides an introduction to manure characteristics with the focus on the physico-chemical properties of particles in the manure and its inorganic chemistry. Methods for determining particle size and charge as well as slurry rheology and density are presented, and typical values for animal manure are given.…
This review compares and contrasts the range of micro‐ and nanocellulosic products in terms of the broad continuum of properties, their current and projected markets, the extent to which new products may compete with each other, the extent to which a new product may replace an existing product, and the extent to which…
Information F or the calculation of gut residence time, two corrections to our original paper 1 are required.The corrections slightly change some of the model outcomes but do not change the overall conclusions of our original paper.First, eq 7 for the ingestion rate IR t (g/g DW d -1 ) based on Cammen 2 should read:
For molecules weakly coupled to leads the exact linear Kohn-Sham (KS) conductance can be orders of magnitude larger than the true linear conductance due to the lack of dynamical exchange-correlation (xc) corrections. In this work we show how to incorporate dynamical effects in KS transport calculations. The only quant…
A novel high-order three-dimensional(3-D)discontinuous Galerkin time domain(DGTD)method based on a normalized formulation of Maxwell′s equations is developed for modeling and simulating silicon-on-insulator(SOI)thin-ridge waveguide.The DGTD method employs unstructured meshes and piecewise high-order polynomials for sp…
Abstract British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL) has 40 years' experience of transporting spent fuel from UK and overseas customers to the Sellafield Site in Cumbria, northwest England. Fuel from reactor stations has been received at the site's pond storage facilities in a range of flask designs, from the cuboid flask design…
Abstract The INF Code has been developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) since 1985 when requirements for ships carrying radioactive materials was first raised at its Maritime Safety Committee. It was introduced as a voluntary code in 1993 and became mandatory on 1 January 2001. The International Atom…
Recent years have seen tremendous change in the commercial prospects for gold‐based heterogeneous catalysts. Significant technological progress has been made, but the economic situation has become an increasingly important consideration as the gold price has risen to record levels. In this chapter, we have used second…
In this chapter, we review a series of studies which have recently appeared in the literature investigating desulfurization reactions on novel gold/metal carbide catalysts. In order to avoid the negative environmental effects of SO2 one can design highly efficient DeSOx processes or remove the sulfur that is present i…
The reactivity of different gold‐based catalysts has been examined and re‐discussed on the basis of the most recent literature data, mainly looking at the characterization data obtained by FTIR spectroscopy and HRTEM microscopy. In particular, the CO oxidation reactions at 90 K and at room temperature have been discus…
Summary Lots of experiments showed that the effective conductivity and dielectric constant of some rocks vary with the measuring frequencies evidently. Numerically, some rocks can be considered as a composite media with a periodic structure. To simulate the frequency dispersion of the electrical parameters of periodic…
It is known that evolution may lead to a new species while adaptation may lead to a new variety. In this manuscript, we present an analysis of the number of evolutions (defined by improvement of the score associated with an objective function of a genetic algorithm) in an experiment supervised by a genetic algorithm,…