Materials Literature
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Achromatic interferometric lithography is the preferred approach for producing large-area, spatially coherent 100 nm period gratings and grids. We report on improvements to processes which have enabled exposure areas of ≊10 cm2. In addition, we report on the fabrication of 100 nm period free-standing gold gratings.
Abstract The extended dithienylethene compounds 1–3 have been synthesized. They undergo photochromic and electrochemical changes by photoinduced interconversion between open and closed forms of type A and B . In addition, both forms of the N ‐methylated derivatives 1b and 2b have absorption bands in which excitation r…
We analyze the director field around a spherical colloid particle with radial (homeotropic) anchoring on its surface. Depending on the relative strength of anchoring W, controlled by the parameter WR/K with K the Frank constant and R the particle radius, the director distribution may possess a singular ring of a -1/2…
BACKGROUND: We have previously reported the successful creation of tissue-engineered valve leaflets and the implantation of these autologous tissue leaflets in the pulmonary valve position. This study was designed to trace cultured cells that were seeded onto a biodegradable polymer with the use of a 1,1'-dioctadecyl-…
A series of perovskite‐type manganites, (Ln = lanthanoids or Y), were examined for their electrode‐catalytic activities to reduce oxygen in alkaline solution. Polarization experiments using gas diffusion‐type electrodes revealed that the catalytic activity differed significantly with a change in Ln, being in the order…
The effects of humidity and sub-parts-per-million by volume contaminant levels on the photooxidation of formaldehyde and toluene are presented. UV radiation from a black-light lamp and a titania-coated glass-plate reactor were used to develop kinetic oxidation rates. The data indicated that competitive adsorption betw…
X-ray diffraction is sensitive to thin films of atomic dimensions to thicknesses of many tens of microns, by virtue of the x-ray wavelengths employed and the very high diffraction-space resolutions attainable. X-ray methods are generally non-destructive, in that sample preparation is not required, and they can provide…
Abstract Poly(lactic‐acid) (PLA), a biodegradable polyester with excellent properties for different polymer applications, will play a major role in future markets for biodegradable polymers. But only if the currently very high price level can be reduced significantly to at least 4 $US/kg. Therefore, studies to fill po…
meso-Phenyldipyrromethanes can be oxidized by 2,6-dicyano-3,5-dichloro-para-benzoquinone (DDQ) to the corresponding meso-phenyldipyrrins. As expected, these novel, stable bipyrrolic pigments readily form metal chelates with copper(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II). Their UV–VIS spectra are compared with a series of known…
Corrosion science has been based mainly upon deterministic approaches, particularly the electrochemical theory of corrosion. Localized corrosion, however, cannot be explained without statistical and stochastic points of view because of the large scatter in data common in the laboratory and the field. Toshio Shibata wa…
The effect of metallic cations such as Cu2+, Ni2+, and La3+ on corrosion inhibition of the anionic surfactant of cold-rolled mild steel (MS) in hydrochloric acid (HCl) by sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) was investigated using the weight-loss method. A marked inhibition synergism of Cu2+ and SDS was found. Accelerated c…
The genus Achnanthidium comprises a collection of monoraphid species common in freshwaters and less so in marine habitats, though the latter are relatively uninvestigated as far as this genus is concerned. We propose that Achnanthidium be confined to the taxa around A. minutissima. Some of the remaining taxa are trans…
Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ Hz--${10}^{9}$ Hz) is employed to study the dynamic glass transition of low-molecular-weight glass-forming liquids being confined to nanoporous sol-gel glasses with pore sizes of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 nm. As glass-forming liquids, salol (one hydroxy grou…
The prevailing mechanisms for halogen and phosphorus flame retardancy are reviewed. Halogens act in the vapor phase and phosphorus can act in either the vapor or condensed phase depending on the specific phos phorus compound and the chemical composition of the polymer. Halogen- antimony synergy is discussed. Convincin…
The chemical construction of dispersed CdS nanoparticles within the polypeptide cage of apoferritin is demonstrated to be possible by a multistep synthetic route, as shown schematically in the Figure. Ferritin‐induced nucleation of CdS clusters (squares) is followed by reaction with excess sulfide to give CdS–ferritin…
Abstract Microcellular foam processing of polymers requires a nucleated cell density greater than 10 9 cells/cm 3 so that the fully grown cells are smaller than 10 μm. A microcellular foam can be developed by first saturating a polymer sample with a volatile blowing agent, followed by rapidly decreasing its solubility…
Sound driven gas bubbles in water can emit light pulses. This phenomenon is called sonoluminescence (SL). Two different phases of single bubble SL have been proposed: diffusively stable and diffusively unstable SL. We present phase diagrams in the gas concentration versus forcing pressure state space and also in the a…
Cellulose, either as a major component in wood or as the prime textile fiber cotton, is most frequently implicated in fire, causing injuries and fatalities [1]. When ignited, cellulose undergoes thermal degradation, form-ing combustible volatile compounds which become involved in the propaga-tion of fire. Fortunately…
Thermoelectric power, electrical resistivity, and magnetization experiments, performed in the paramagnetic phase of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2/3}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{1/3}$${\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$, provide evidence for polaron-dominated conduction in colossal magnetoresistance materials. At high temperatures, a large, nearly-field-inde…
Large-amplitude, low-frequency electric fields can be used to burn spectral holes in the dielectric response of supercooled propylene carbonate and glycerol. This ability to selectively modify the dielectric response establishes that the non-Debye behavior results from a distribution of relaxation times. Refilling of…