Materials Literature
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A novel "smart" multifunctional drug delivery system was successfully developed to respond to the up-regulated matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) in the tumor microenvironment and improve cancer cell-specific delivery of loaded drugs. The system represents a surface-functionalized liposomal nanocarrier, for which two fun…
Although possessing superior properties, stainless steels are still afflicted by a host of problems, especially when they are exposed to elevated temperatures. Problems covered in this chapter are: hydrogen embrittlement, sensitisation, metal dusting, pitting corrosion, microbiologically-induced corrosion, high-temper…
III-V semiconductor nanowires are expected to play a significant role in future nanoscale electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this chapter, we attempt to review the general synthetic strategies for III-V compound nanowires. We first summarize various III-V nanowire growth techniques such as chemical vapor deposi…
The semilocal meta generalized gradient approximation (MGGA) for the exchange-correlation functional of Kohn-Sham (KS) density functional theory can yield accurate ground-state energies simultaneously for atoms, molecules, surfaces, and solids, due to the inclusion of kinetic energy density as an input. We study for t…
This chapter gives an overview of the various precipitate phases that can form in the different classes of stainless steels. Besides the phases that are well-studied, a newly discovered phase, called the J phase, is also introduced. The conditions under which the different phases will form, the problems they cause, th…
I elaborate the construction of the recent two-orbital model for iron-based superconductors\cite{hu-hao} and discuss the properties of superconducting(SC) phases based on the $S_4$ symmetry. I demonstrate further that the underlining electronic structure is an almost decoupled two-orbital model obeying the $S_4$ symme…
Abstract Meeting the growing energy demand will require an improvement in the efficiency of fossil fuels and alternative energy systems. Increasing temperature and/or pressure is a straightforward way to do so but it will necessitate new material solutions to ensure component durability in harsh environments. Coating…
Abstract A southeastern United States oil company gathers and transports a variety of sour crude though its pipeline to the refinery. The system experienced leaks due to internal corrosion in the mid 90’s. The asset owner initiated an in line inspection (ILI) program shortly thereafter. The asset owner began a biocida…
Abstract Cadmium coatings have been widely used to protect ferrous substrate, mainly fasteners, against corrosion. In spite of presenting excellent properties, such as lubricity, low voluminous corrosion products, high performance and compatible cost, cadmium presents high toxicity. For this reason worldwide researche…
Abstract Electrochemical methods can be used more effectively if innovative experiments are designed and employed. This is especially true if a corrosion system to be tested involves inhibitors that could change the mechanism and pattern of corrosion in complex ways. This paper discusses corrosion inhibitor test desig…
Abstract The performance of a commercially available oilfield corrosion inhibitor to control preferential weld corrosion in CO2-saturated brine was assessed. A submerged impinging jet (SIJ) was utilized to test carbon steel parent metal and a 1% Ni 0.25% Mo weld material at a temperature of 45°C. The dual nozzle arran…
Abstract The localized corrosion resistance of three ferritic stainless steels containing 21% Cr and different amounts of Ca was determined and comparison was made with SS304 as a benchmark. The Ca content had insignificant effect on the resistance to localized corrosion, which was found to be similar to that of SS304…
Abstract A Novel Mini-Autoclave where the tests are performed in-situ under an aqueous environment (simulated production brine) saturated with CO/H2S gas mixtures was developed (with similar performance compared to a normal autoclave). The mini-autoclave ultimate limits are 400 °C and 4000 psi and can stand a mixture…
This chapter is on martensitic stainless steels. A brief introduction to the compositions and uses of the various grades of steels in the ferritic class is given first. The purposes of and the changes in properties associated with typical heat treatments (austenisation and tempering), together with their underlying me…
Abstract Reinforced concrete pipes are commonly used for culvert and storm drainage applications and are intended to last for several decades. The effect of cracks on corrosion of embedded reinforcing ~3/16 in (~4.75 mm) diameter steel wires was investigated. Cracks having a nominal width of 0.02 and 0.1 inch (~ 0.5 a…
Abstract It is generally known that the production route influences the sensitivity of a material to metal dusting. In this study the different production states of UNS N06025 are compared as there are: plate deeply ground and 600 grit laboratory ground, strip as-delivered and 600 grit laboratory ground, and longitudi…
Abstract The mechanistic studies of metal dusting processes and associated filamentous carbon formation were carried out in Alloys N06025 (Ni-based) and N08800 (austenitic Fe-based) under a simulated metal dusting environment (18.9 vol% Co–79.1 vol% H2–2 vol% H2O) at 650oC. Reaction kinetics and product characterisati…
Abstract Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a major threat to pipelines and storage tanks. Even though MIC during hydrotest itself may be limited due to lack of nutrients and a relatively short duration, biofilms left behind may flourish after the pipeline is commissioned resulting in MIC pitting over the…
Abstract Internal pipeline corrosion risks associated with the presence of solid sulfur are well respected in the oil and gas industry. When identified, comprehensive efforts are made to mitigate or eliminate the associated threats. Sulfur solvent application is one option for removal and inhibition of sulfur depositi…
Abstract Two case studies involving localized waterside corrosion of copper and carbon steel tubing due to MIC are presented. In each case, the morphology of the affected surface, the elemental composition of deposits and corrosion products determined using SEM/EDXS, and results of the metallographic examination are d…