Mechanical aspects of electrical treeing in solid insulation
Mechanical effects dominate the new theory, with the build-up of strain, fatigue failures and fracture due to shock waves being involved.
Materials Literature
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The technology of halogen‐free flame retardant phosphorus additives for polymeric systems
Abstract Halogen‐free flame retardant additives based on phosphorus function by developing a protective char. A variety of additives are available, ranging from the element itself, in the form of amorphous red phosphorus, to specialty organophosphorus compounds, and examples of their use in a range of thermoplastics a…
Low-frequency elastic properties of the incommensurate ferroelastic [N(CH3)4]2CuCl4
The low-frequency elastic properties of incommensurate ferroelastic crystals [N(${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$${)}_{4}$${]}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuCl}}_{4}$ are studied in the vicinity of the incommensurate phase transitions using parallel-plate-stress and three-point-bending methods. The temperature dependences of the effective elasti…
Molecular dynamics on a realistic model for a strong glass
Thermal motions in a microscopic model for a strong glass (${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) are studied by means of computer molecular dynamics simulations. A decomposition of the atomic dynamics in terms of normal modes allows the separation of the truly harmonic components of the generalized frequency distribut…
Crystallographic tilting in high-misfit (100) semiconductor heteroepitaxial systems
A model is presented for the formation of crystallographic tilting (misorientation) in highly mismatched (100) oriented zinc-blende semiconductor heteroepitaxial layers grown on vicinal substrates. The model is based on the asymmetric generation of 60° misfit dislocations upon island coalescence in the initial growth…
Stress Dependence of the Raman Spectrum of β‐Silicon Nitride
The stress dependence of the Raman bands of β‐silicon nitride,β‐Si 3 N 4 , has been investigated. In the stress range examined (from‐200 to +200 MPa), low‐frequency shift bands (namely the 183, 205, and 226 cm −1 lines) do not show any frequency change with the stress, whereas the high‐frequency shift bands (862, 925,…
Temperature-dependent concentration quenching and site-dependent effects ofNd3+fluorescence in fluorophosphate glasses
The optical properties and temperature-dependent concentration quenching of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ fluorescence have been investigated in fluorophosphate glasses with different fluorine to oxygen ratios by using steady-state and time-resolved laser spectroscopy. Judd-Ofelt parameters were derived from the absorption spe…
The Phase Problem in the Analysis of X-ray Diffraction Data in Terms of Electron-Density Distributions
The refinement of electron-density distributions for non-centrosymmetric crystals from X-ray diffraction data may lead to a very good fit between model and data but to totally meaningless electron densities. This is to a large extent because varying certain parameters, or combination of parameters, in the model mainly…
Interface-Engineered Parylene C Coating for Corrosion Protection of Cold-Rolled Steel
Vacuum-deposited poly(chloro-p-xylylene), or parylene C, can be used for corrosion protection of cold-rolled steel (CRS) through interface engineering. Interface engineering replaces galvanizing, zinc phosphating, and cathodic electrocoating (E-coating). Parylene C polymer has excellent bulk properties, including its…
Electromigration Drift Velocity in Al‐Alloy and Cu‐Alloy Lines
Electromigration has been investigated using both drift velocity and resistance techniques in pure Al, Al(Cu), pure Cu, Cu(Mg), Cu(Zr), and Cu(Sn) isolated lines overlapping W studs (vias between metallization levels), or lines overlaying a W underlayer line. The phenomenon of void growth was investigated in sections…
Mechanical Behavior of SiC(f)/SiC Composites and Correlation to in situ Fiber Strength at Room and Elevated Temperatures
Mechanical properties of Nicalon‐fiber‐reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites were evaluated, in flexure, at various temperatures ranging from ambient to 1300°C. First matrix cracking stress ranged from 250 to 280 MPa and was relatively insensitive to test temperature. The measured ultimate strength showed a sma…
Sers-Active Ag Films from Photoreduction of Ag + on TiO 2
Because of the tremendous information content, single-molecule detection with a vibrational spectroscopic technique is a goal well worth pursuing. The vibrational technique most suitable for single-molecule detection is surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). For example, Kneipp et al. recently demonstrated detect…
Electrochromism in Sputtered WO 3 Thin Films
There are large variations in the properties of sputtered under different conditions and two samples sputtered from an oxide target and reactively sputtered from a metal target were compared in detail. The thin film sputtered from an oxide target was found to color and bleach rapidly in 1 M in propylene carbonate, whi…
Folding and Activation of Human Procathepsin S from Inclusion Bodies Produced in Escherichia coli
Human procathepsin S was produced in the form of insoluble inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli using an inducible T7-based expression system. After cell disruption, the dissolved inclusion body proteins were S-sulphonated with 2-nitro-5-thiosulphobenzoate and purified by gel filtration. Recombinant procathepsin S was…
Transformation of the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus via a self-spreading vector
We describe a transformation system for extremely thermophilic archaea of the genus Sulfolobus in the kingdom Crenarchaeota. We have constructed in vitro a recombinant derivative of the recently described conjugative plasmid pNOB8, containing a beta-galactosidase gene downstream of a strong promotor. Transformation of…
Polymers of carbonic acid, 12. Spontaneous and hematin‐initiated polymerizations of trimethylene carbonate and neopentylene carbonate
Abstract The purity and reactivity of trimethylene carbonate (TMC, 1,3‐dioxan‐2‐one) depends largely on the purification procedure. Vacuum distillation and recrystallization from CCl 4 are less efficient than recrystallization from tetrahydrofuran (THF) or ethyl acetate (EtAc). TMC recrystallized from CCl 4 contains b…
Power at the Expense of Efficiency in Contraction of White Muscle Fibres From Dogfish Scyliorhinus Canicula
Work and heat production of white myotomal muscle fibres from dogfish were measured during sinusoidal movement (0.71-5.0 Hz) at 12 C. Stimulus phase (stimulus timing relative to movement) and duty cycle (stimulus duration as a fraction of movement cycle duration) were varied to determine the parameters optimal for pow…
Improving poly(ethylene terephthalate)/high‐density polyethylene blends by using graft copolymers
Abstract The synthesis and the application of graft copolymers prepared from ozonized polyethylene (HDPE) are described. The homopolymer was treated with ozone and then copolymerized with monomers, such as methyl methacrylate, hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, maleic anhydride, and ethyl acrylate. The…
Importance of Glass Transition Temperature in Accelerated Stability Testing of Amorphous Solids: Case Study Using a Lyophilized Aspirin Formulation
During the development and formulation screening for a lyophilized dosage form, one of the most important characteristic of the amorphous lyophilized solid that is usually not considered is its glass transition temperature. The knowledge of Tg for various formulations becomes especially important during the initial st…
Microscopic dynamics of glycerol in its crystalline and glassy states
The dynamics of crystalline glycerol are studied by means of Raman spectroscopy and lattice dynamics calculations employing a semiflexible model to represent the low-lying molecular vibrations. The latter is validated against structural, thermodynamic, and spectroscopic data. The results serve to set an absolute frequ…