The early history of ferroelectricity
The history of ferroelectricity is carried to the discovery of the ferrolectric properties of barium titanate in 1943. A few more recent events are noted briefly.
Materials Literature
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The gruneisen parameter of the softferroelectric mode in the cubic perovskites†
It is shown that because of the unique properties of the soft ferroelectric mode in perovskites of the BaTiO3-type, as well as in related displacive ferroelectrics, the Gruneisen parameter γf of this mode and its temperature dependence can be simply determined from measurements of the pressure and temperature dependen…
Quenching of the phosphorescence of some chromium(III) complexes by molecular oxygen
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuenching of the phosphorescence of some chromium(III) complexes by molecular oxygenAchim PfeilCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 21, 5395–5398Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1971https://pu…
Space Resource. Ablative materials for high-temperature thermal protection of space vehicles
The problem of protecting spacecraft from high temperature encountered during a mission has resulted in the development of several types of thermal protection systems which are described here.
Crystal structure of tetraselenium bis(hydrogen disulfate)
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystal structure of tetraselenium bis(hydrogen disulfate)I. D. Brown, D. B. Crump, and R. J. GillespieCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1971, 10, 10, 2319–2323Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1971https:/…
Use of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients with Wilson's Equation
ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients with Wilson's EquationL. B. Schreiber and C. A. EckertCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1971, 10, 4, 572–576Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 Oct…
Transmissivity and Absorption of Fused Quartz Between 022 μ and 35 μ from Room Temperature to 1500°C
Transmissivities were measured and absorption coefficients derived for three types of fused quartz between room temperature and 1500 degrees C: GE uv Type 151 (0.21-2.0 mu), GE ir Type 105 (0.21-3.5 mu), and Corning Vycor ir glass No. 7905 (1.7-4.0 mu). Less extensive measurements were also performed with Corning uv T…
The Electronic Structure of Some Palladium Alloys Studied by ESCA and X-ray Spectroscopy
The Electronic Structure of Some Palladium Alloys Studied by ESCA and X-ray Spectroscopy, J Hedman, M Klasson, R Nilsson, C Nordling, M F Sorokina, O I Kljushnikov, S A Nemnonov, V A Trapeznikov, V G Zyryanov
Calculated effective atomic number and Kerma values for tissue-equivalent and dosimetry materials
The calculated value of the effective atomic number (z tau ) of 7.23 for lithium tetraborate (Li 2 B 4 O 7 ) agrees closely with the value of 7.22 for soft tissue of composition C 5 H 40 O 18 N. For excised muscle specimens the experimental value (7.42) obtained by Spiers for z tau is very nearly equal to the correspo…
Dynamic Deformation Twinning in Shock-Loaded Iron
Deformation twinning has been observed in shock-loaded samples of heat-treated Ferrovac E iron at peak stresses from 3 to 16 kbar. In this range, the volume fraction of twins increases monotonically from zero to approximately 4%. In instrumented transmitted-wave measurements stress relaxation was observed behind the e…
Conduction in non-crystalline systems
A summary is given of mechanisms which may be responsible for non-ohmic conduction due to strong fields in thin films of non-crystalline semi-conductors. This is used for a discussion of the mechanism of threshold switching in thin films of chalcogenide semicondutors. The predictions of the thermal mechanism are outli…
Electromechanical Properties of PbTiO3 Ceramics Containing La and Mn
A piezoelectric ceramic material having low dielectric constant, high thickness coupling factor, high mechanical quality factor, high stability, and high operating temperature, has been prepared from PbTiO3 incorporated with 2.5 mol% of LaO12 and 1.0 mol% of MnO2. Typical electromechanical constants of this material a…
Calculation of Paleosalinities from Boron and Clay Mineral Data
Abstract The validity of boron as a salinity index has been established by numerous studies over the past 2 decades. It is known that all the major clay minerals may contain boron which can be correlated with paleosalinity. However, under given conditions, illites will contain the most boron and kaolinites the least.…
Thermal Quenching of Tb+3, Tm+3, Pr+3, and Dy+3 4fn Emitting States in La2 O2 S
Thermal quenchings of +3 rare-earth line emissions were measured for excitation into the 4fn emitting states. These quenchings differ from corresponding quenchings reported by Wickersheim and Buchanan for band-gap excitation. For Tb+3, Tm+3, and possible Pr+3, the quenchings from the 4fn emitting states are attributed…
Reactivity of Clay Minerals With Acids and Alkalies
Abstract One-g samples of a montmorillonite, a metabentonite, an illite, two kaolinites, and three halloysites were treated with 50 ml of hydrochloric acid (6·45 N, 1: 1), acetic acid (4·5 N, 1: 3), sodium hydroxide (2·8N), sodium chloride solution (pH 6·10; Na = 35‰; Cl = 21·5‰), and natural sea water (pH 7·85; Na =…
Electromigration and failure in electronics: An introduction
Some fundamental aspects of electromigration phenomena as they have been studied in "bulk" metallic conductors are reviewed. In an electric field atoms are subjected to a force due to the field, and to a force which results from the motion of electrical carriers, electrons, or holes. In bulk samples, and at high tempe…
Area Relationships in Galvanic Corrosion
The effect of variations of the area of two metals in a galvanic couple is discussed for three common cases. In Case 1, it is assumed that the only significant process on the more active metal (A) at the galvanic potential (ϕg) is metal oxidation (dissolution), while the only significant process on the more noble meta…
Pressure and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties and phase transitions of the ferroelectric perovskites: PbTiO3 and BaTiO3
The effects of temperature and hydrostatic pressure on the ferroelectric (FE) properties of PbTiO3 and on certain properties of BaTiO3 which have not been treated or emphasized earlier were investigated. For PbTiO3, the FE-paraelectric (PE) transition is of first-order, and the transition temperature, Tc, decreases wi…
Rutile: Normal Probability Plot Analysis and Accurate Measurement of Crystal Structure
The x-ray scattering by two different rutile crystals, within a hemisphere of reciprocal space having radius (sin θ) /λ=1.02 Å−1, was measured at 298°K with PEXRAD. The integrated intensities of 780 reflections from each crystal were determined, resulting in 136 symmetry independent Fmeas from Crystal 1 and 122 Fmeas…
Hydrogen Bonding
Machine learning (ML) is transforming all areas of science. The complex and time-consuming calculations in molecular simulations are particularly suitable for an ML revolution and have already been profoundly affected by the application of existing ML ...Read More