Materials Literature
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Microfabrication takes place under highly controlled conditions: all materials for cleanroom construction, processing equipment and wafer handling tools are carefully selected to eliminate particles and to reduce atomic contamination. These are, however, passive precautions, and active wafer cleaning and surface condi…
Polishing in microfabrication is a decendant of glass polishing which is an established technology since 400 years. The mechanism is different from grinding, as chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) works in the atomic regime. Atomic bonds are weakened or broken, and removal is based on chemical reactions between the sl…
Abstract Cumene is an aromatic compound. It is a clear liquid at ambient conditions. High purity cumene is manufactured from propylene and benzene. Successful development and commercialization of the zeolite‐based technology for the production of cumene has rendered obsolete the older processes based on phosphoric aci…
Previous research indicates compositional variation of pentlandite [(Fe,Ni)9S8] and the effect this variation may have on the electrochemical behaviour of pentlandite is poorly understood. Pentlandite is the primary source of nickel and an important base metal sulfide (BMS) in the platinum industry. It hosts significa…
\n Um polieletrólito catiônico (poliamina), com baixo peso molecular e elevada densidade de carga, normalmente aplicado como agente coagulante do lixo aniônico, foi usado para estudos de retenção e drenagem na fabricação de papel. O uso do carboximentil celulose de sódio para simulação do teor de lixo aniônico e seu e…
This chapter discusses thin-film deposition processes in more detail, and explores the relationships between process parameters and the resulting film properties. Thin-film deposition involves thermal physics, fluid dynamics, plasma physics, gas phase chemistry, surface chemistry, solid state physics and materials sci…
Abstract Higher olefins are versatile chemical intermediates for any number of important industrial and consumer products. These uses can be characterized by carbon number and by chemical structure. The even numbered carbon alpha olefins (C4‐C30) are especially useful. There are six commercial processes that oligomeri…
Abstract Cobalt is a metallic element the earliest uses of which were colorants for glass and pottery. Cobalt is ubiquitous in the environment and occurs naturally in many different chemical forms. Cobalt has unique magnetic properties. The largest consumption of cobalt is in metallic form as magnetic alloys. cutting…
A first comprehensive study is presented on radioactivity concentrations and dose rates in 87 commonly used materials, manufactured or imported in Cyprus, for building purposes. The natural radioactivity of K-40, Th-232, U-238 and Ra-226 is determined using high-resolution gamma ray spectroscopy. The respective dose r…
Abstract Aliphatic, linear dicarboxylic acids and branched dicarboxylic acids are the subject of this article. These dibasic acids are referred to by their trivial names, IUPAC system or by adding the suffix “dicarboxylic acid“ to the name of the hydrocarbon skeleton. For example a 10‐carbon atom dibasic acid is desig…
Due to their controllable size, low cytotoxicity, and unique architecture, cyclodextrin based pseudopolyrotaxanes have been developed to encompass a broad range of diverse medical and chemical engineering applications. The study of complexation between α-cyclodextrin (alfa-CD) grafted PEG segments on the surface of PA…
Since the early 1990’s, accelerator driven systems (ADS) – subcritical assemblies driven by high power proton accelerators through a spallation target which is neutronically coupled to the core – have been proposed for addressing certain missions in advanced nuclear fuel cycles. Institutes throughout the world have co…
Carbon (6C) exists ubiquitously in nature. It is the fourth most abundant element by mass a er hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon has four valence electrons in 2s and 2p orbitals that can form three hybridization arrangements: sp, sp2, and sp3. Via these hybrid orbitals, carbon can bond to themselves and to other el…
Carbon fullerenes, or buckyballs, are large molecules that typically contain 60 or more carbon atoms and are in the form of hollow spheres or ellipsoids, as shown in Figure 40.1. Fullerenes were discovered (Kroto et al., 1985) in the mid-1980s, earning the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1996 for Curl, Kroto, and Smalley…
Phonon con nement (Piscanec et al. 2003; Adu et al. 2005, 2006; Fukata et al. 2006) e ects inside the waist of small diameter Si NWs (d− < 10 nm) have been demonstrated by several groups via Raman scattering. Surface optical (SO) phonons that lie between the usual transverse optic (TO) and the higher frequency longitu…
Si-based nanosystems have attracted much attention because of their unique nanostructures and unusual physical properties that might be applied in areas as diverse as optoelectronics, single electron devices, sensors, detectors, and cold cathodes for eld-emission displays (Canham 1990, Bisi et al. 2000, Birner et al.…
In 1985, Kroto and colleagues rst discovered C60, which would lead to the subesequent discovery of fullerenes [1]. Fullerenes are the third allotrope of carbon of which the other two allotropes are graphite and diamond. Carbon clusters of all sizes are known as buckminsterfullerenes, fullerenes, or “buckyballs.”
Nanostructured materials have opened up new possibilities for solving the storage problem. eir high porosities make them promising candidates for reaching the required storage capacities, and the small dimensions involved reduce the time taken for the hydrogen molecules to travel from their resident site to the 40.1…
Nanostructured materials not only have potential technological applications in various elds, but are also of fundamental interest in that the properties and functions of a material can change with the transition between the bulk and atomic/ molecular scales. In particular, silicon with ordered pores of dimensions ran…
In the following sections, we review the main properties of covalent Si clathrates. e connection between clathrate physics and other elds (cluster physics, surface physics, amorphous structure, etc.) will be also brie°y included. In the rst part, we discuss the properties of the clathrates without an interpenetrati…