Materials Literature
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Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives have been of interest in the past few decades due to their potential broad range of industrial applications. They already have commercial applications in the cosmetic industry, in the eld of medical devices, and as food supplements (Hadwiger and Riggleman 1984; Lang and Clausen…
A model is an idealized mathematical representation of a physical system or process. To describe a model, one needs physical laws, constitutive equations and boundary conditions once the system to be modeled is defined and outlined. In this chapter, we will derive the physical laws of fluid flow and heat transfer that…
This paper presents a midsize tokamak as a fast track to the investigation of burning plasmas. It is shown that it could reach large values of energy gain (≥10) with only a modest improvement in confinement over the scaling that was used for designing the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). This c…
This chapter contains sections titled: Field Emission from Intrinsic or p-Type Diamonds Field Emission from Nitrogen-Doped n-Type Diamonds Field Emission from Phosphorus-Doped n-Type Diamonds Electron Emission from pn-Junction Diamond Diodes Other Application of Diamond Emitter References
Film from LiCl/N,N-Dimethylacetamide Solution ...................................................200 15.3.10 Preparation of Chitin Whiskers by Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Treatment ...................................................................................................200 15.3.11 Preparation of High…
This specification covers a propylene-glycol base, deicing/anti-icing fluid in the form of a concentrated liquid.
Chitin is a naturally abundant mucopolysaccharide distributed in the shell of crustaceans, in the cuticle of insects, and also in the cell wall of some fungi and microorganisms. Chitin consists of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-(1-4)-β-d-glucopyranose residues (N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units) that has intra-and intermolecular hydr…
Oligomers and polymers of chitin and chitosan are homo-polymers or hetero-polymers of two monosaccharides [β-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-glucose (GlcNAc); and β-(1-4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-dglucose (GlcN)], which are joined by glycosidic linkages. Oligosaccharides are generally dened as carbohydrate polymers containing a fe…
The chitins and chitosans of various origins and some of their derivatives obtained by chemical or enzymatic means are today protagonists in the scenario of wound healing, tissue engineering, and gene therapy, thanks to their outstanding properties. Basic information on these polysaccharides, relevant to the title top…
PICTUREThe conversion of biomasses from agriculture into either hydrogen or chemicals is a target of primary importance for sustainable development.In their Full Paper on page 851, Claudio Bianchini and co-workers report a method to produce both hydrogen and chemicals in a single process making use of electricity prov…
All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Pu…
Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide possessing biocompatible and biodegradable (Muzzarelli 1997, Muzzarelli and Muzzarelli 2002) properties. It has received great attention from researchers due to its wide application in medical and pharmaceutical elds. Its favorable intrinsic properties and highly abundant natural r…
Chitosan, α (1-4) 2-amino 2-deoxy β-d glucan, possess structural characteristics similar to glycosaminoglycans. This polycationic biopolymer is generally obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin, which is the main component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans, such as shrimps (Muzzarelli 1973). Chitosan displays int…
Although chitin was isolated by Braconnot in 1811 for the rst time from the cell walls of mushrooms, and chitosan was found in 1894 by Hoppe-Seyler, they remained unused biological resources for more than 100 years. However, interest in these abundant carbohydrates increased rapidly from the 1960s. The enormous increa…
Water is a scarce resource. Only 0.03% of the world’s water reserves are available for human activities. Population growth and industrial boom have increased the demand for water, while supply has remained constant. Moreover, inappropriate water management has reduced the amount of available resources (Allegre et al.…
Scattering is a powerful analytical method that can be used to determine the structure and dynamics of a range of “soft” materials like colloids, polymers, proteins, etc., using x-rays, neutrons, electrons, or visible light. X-ray crystallography (also called x-ray diffraction) is the most straightforward method of de…
For the clear understanding of the role of interface reaction between top\nmetal electrode and titanium oxide layer, we investigated the effects of\nvarious top metals on the resistive switching in Metal/a-TiO2/Al devices. The\ntop Al device with the highest oxygen affinity showed the best memory\nperformance, which i…
The second gradient model of poromechanics, introduced in Part I, is here linearized in the neighborhood of a prestressed reference configuration to be applied to the one-dimensional consolidation problem originally considered by Terzaghi and Biot. Second gradient models allow for the description of boundary layer eff…
Let us call a sequence of numbers heapable if they can be sequentially inserted to form a binary tree with the heap property, where each insertion subsequent to the first occurs at a leaf of the tree, i.e. below a previously placed number. In this paper we consider a variety of problems related to heapable sequences a…
The anodization of aluminum films grown on silicon substrates under controlled\nconditions is used to fabricate porous alumina arrays. Such porous arrays are used as\nsensors or lithography masks for fabrication of sub-100-nm nanodot arrays. The selfassembly\nof these pores into ordered arrays is determined by anodiza…