Future Directions in Carbon Science
The materials science of carbon-based materials has enjoyed a tremendous growth in the past half century. Selected highlights are reviewed with emphasis given to future opportunities in this research field.
Materials Literature
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Phase Transitions and Transient Liquid‐Phase Sintering in Calcium‐Substituted Lanthanum Chromite
This paper investigates sintering and phase transitions of La 0.7 CaxCrO 3 (0.25≥x≥0.35), a material useful as electrical interconnections in solid oxide fuel cells. Heating of the quenched, metastable single‐phase chromite resulted in exsolution of CaCrO 4 due to Ca solubility limitations below 1200°C. A transient li…
BISTABLE CHOLESTERIC REFLECTIVE DISPLAYS: Materials and Drive Schemes
▪ Abstract Cholesteric liquid crystals possess a helical structure and exhibit two stable states at zero field: the planar texture and the focal conic texture. In the planar texture, they reflect circularly polarized light, whereas in the focal conic texture, they scatter light in forward directions. They can be switc…
Adsorption of Block-Copolymer Micelles from a Selective Solvent
We have studied the adsorption of poly(styrene- b -2-vinylpyridine) block copolymers from a selective solvent onto a flat solid substrate, resulting in the formation of laterally ordered microdomains. We address the question whether the lateral domain structure is due to adsorption of entire micelles from the solution…
Biodegradable and biocompatible inorganic?organic hybrid materials. I. Synthesis and characterization
The hydroxyl or vinyl end-groups of linear or three-arm star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) chains have been derivatized into triethoxysilane groups reactive in the sol-gel process. New transparent hybrid materials that combine tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and PCL known for biodegradability and biocompatibility h…
Organic Corrosion Inhibitors in Neutral Solutions; Part 1 — Inhibition of Steel, Copper, and Aluminum by Straight Chain Carboxylates
Electrochemical methods were used in a systematic investigation of the abilities of the homologous straight chain mono-and α,ω-dicarboxylates to inhibit corrosion of mild steel, copper, and aluminum in aerated, mildly saline, and near-neutral aqueous solutions. Performance of both compound types was shown to be critic…
Evidence for Molecular Translational Diffusion during the Crystallization of Amorphous Solid Water
Molecular diffusion in amorphous solid water is studied by measuring the extent of isotope exchange and mixing in vapor-deposited ultrathin films using temperature-programmed desorption. Our results indicate there is long-range translational diffusion that occurs concomitantly with the amorphous to crystalline ice pha…
The effect of denaturants on protein structure
Virtually all studies of the protein-folding reaction add either heat, acid, or a chemical denaturant to an aqueous protein solution in order to perturb the protein structure. When chemical denaturants are used, very high concentrations are usually necessary to observe any change in protein structure. In a solution wi…
Processing andin vitro Degradation of Starch/EVOH Thermoplastic Blends
This paper describes the processing dependence of the mechanical properties of three blends of starch/ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) with potential uses as biomaterials. These blends exhibit a distinct rheological behaviour and mechanical performance. Using shear controlled orientation in injection moulding (Scorim) it…
Evidence for Dynamic Heterogeneity near Tg from the Time-Resolved Inhomogeneous Broadening of Optical Line Shapes
The temporal evolution of inhomogeneous spectra emitted by dye molecules in the course of their solvation within a supercooled liquid is analyzed, where the average emission energy ν( t ) probes the dielectric relaxation. The observed increase in the optical line width, σ inh ( t ), near the glass transition is compar…
Cylindrical Photocatalytic Reactors. Radiation Absorption and Scattering Effects Produced by Suspended Fine Particles in an Annular Space
The radiation field for an annular-type photocatalytic reactor has been modeled, and the resulting integro-differential equation has been solved resorting to the discrete ordinate method. The spatial domain was described in terms of two cylindrical coordinates and the field of direction with two angular variables. The…
On Modulus and Fracture Toughness of Rigid Particulate Filled High Density Polyethylene
A Kaolin-filled, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) system was used to illustrate the influence of particulates on modulus and toughness of the bulk material. A variation of filler content, particulate size and coupling quality for two HDPE-matrix systems with different viscosity led to a strong dependency of elastic mo…
Defect Sites on TiO2(110). Detection by O2 Photodesorption
The TiO 2 (110) surface, prepared with different densities of anion vacancy defect sites, has been investigated by studies of O 2 photodesorption at 105 K. Two separate O 2 photodesorption processes, α 1 and α 2, are detected and are postulated to be due to the presence of two different types of defect sites produced…
Active and smart packaging for meeting consumer demands for quality and safety
Over the past few decades, many new packaging techniques have been introduced in the quest for natural preservation of foods and on-time quality monitoring of packaged food to ensure good product quality and safety for the consumer. This paper discusses scientific, technological, commercial and legislative development…
Formation of Free-Standing Sterilized Edible Films from Irradiated Caseinates
γ-Irradiation was used to produce free-standing sterilized edible films based on milk protein, namely, sodium caseinate and calcium caseinate. The nature of the counterion and also the protein and glycerol concentrations were examined. Irradiation of a solution based on calcium caseinate produced more cross-links than…
Simple model for the dielectric constant of nanoscale silicon particle
As the physical size approaches several nanometers, reduction in the static dielectric constant ε becomes significant. A modified Penn model, taking into account the quantum confinement induced discrete energy states, was applied to a sphere and to a wire. The calculated size dependent ε is consistent with the wave-ve…
Constrained Densification of Alumina/Zirconia Hybrid Laminates, II: Viscoelastic Stress Computation
To analyze the inhibited densification during sintering and differential shrinkage during cooling of Al 2 O 3 /ZrO 2 symmetric and asymmetric laminates, viscoelastic formulations, in which the viscosity and elastic modulus vary with time, have been developed. The viscoelastic mismatch stresses have been numerically co…
Incorporation of Vanadium in Mesoporous MCM-41 and Microporous AFI Zeolites
Vanadium-containing silicate MCM-41 (V-MCM-41) zeolite and aluminophosphate AFI (VAPO-5) zeolite were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic techniques. In as-synthesized form, the vanadyl ions (V IV O) 2+ were found to be the major vanadium species in the form of atomic dispersion on AFI by EPR and to exist s…
Evaporation of Sessile Drops on Polymer Surfaces: Ellipsoidal Cap Geometry
The evaporation rate of sessile drops of water resting on poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer has been studied by using the recently published precise data of Rowan, Newton, and McHale. Mathematical expressions for an ellipsoidal cap drop resting on a solid surface having three parameters (base radius, height, and conta…
Effects of Exchanged Cation on the Microporosity of Montmorillonite
Abstract The micropore volumes of 2 montmorillonites (SAz-1 and SWy-1), each exchanged with Ca, Na, K, Cs and tetramethylammonium (TMA) ions, were calculated from the measured vapor adsorption data of N 2 and neo -hexane by use of t - and α s -plots. The corresponding surface areas of the exchanged clays were determin…