Materials Literature
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Abstract Localized CO2 corrosion on mild steel is always associated with the partial breakdown of a protective corrosion product scale such as iron carbonate. The scale breakdown can happen for a variety of reasons many of them related to fluid flow. It is hypothesized that following the scale damage, a galvanic effec…
Abstract The susceptibility of 22 Cr and 25 Cr duplex stainless steels to stress corrosion cracking under evaporative seawater conditions has been evaluated using a modified drop evaporation test. Failure of both steels occurred at temperatures as low as 105 °C. Observation of patchy corrosion and occasional pitting b…
Abstract This paper discusses two common problems, “weld tenting” and low coating thickness over the external weld, and their causes in traditional three layer polyolefin pipeline coatings. To tackle these problems, a new approach to applying multilayer polyolefin coating to pipes is introduced. The new system consist…
Abstract Stress orientated Hydrogen Induced cracking (SOHIC) is a manifestation of sulfide stress cracking (SSC) in C-Mn steels by a mechanism involving the linking of planar cracks normal to the primary propagation direction of the crack. It has been known for many years, and the solution has been considered to be th…
Abstract Since the introduction of the NORSOK M-501 standard some incidents of major coating failure by cracking and flaking have been reported for offshore installations in the Norwegian sector. Internal stress has often been mentioned as an important factor in these types of degradation. The purpose with this invest…
Abstract Numerous laboratory methods have been developed to evaluate the concentration of various corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production fluids. The laboratory evaluation, often referred to as residual analysis, provides quick monitoring of the adequacy of treatment levels of corrosion inhibitors in different…
Abstract The protecting mechanism of zinc rich coatings is mainly based on cathodic protection provided by the zinc dust in the paint. Cathode protection by zinc is finite; however, since after the zinc has been corroding for some time the electrical conductivity diminishes and at the same time zinc corrosion products…
Abstract Water injection is usually associated with various types of mineral scale formation and deposition which significantly undermine the performance of the injection by changing some reservoir properties such as permeability and porosity. Mineral scale deposition in surface and subsurface petroleum streams is one…
Abstract This research work presents a study of the combined influence of the partial pressure of H2S and the concentration of free acetic acid on the general and localized CO2 corrosion at the bottom of the line. Experiments were carried out during 21 days in three 4” internal diameter flow loops at 70°C with 2 bars…
Abstract The degradation mechanism “relaxation cracking” is acting in austenitic components operating between 550°C (1020°F) and 750°C (1380°F). The brittle failures are always located in cold formed areas or in welded joints and are mostly addressed within 1 year service. More than 10 different names can be found in…
Abstract Top-of-line corrosion (TOL-corrosion) is an issue for the Ormen Lange field development. Two sub sea production templates will be connected to two multiphase pipelines that transport the well fluid to shore. The templates are installed at 850 m water depth where the seawater temperature is between –2 and –1°C…
Abstract Much has been learned over a short period of time with respect to the corrosion assessment of small medical implant devices. Laboratory testing started with modifications of ASTM G 5 and G 61, which lead to the development of ASTM F 2129, and thence the fine-tuning of that specification to meet the intent of…
We use density-based continuity equations to model strain patterns and size effects in confined plastic flow, namely, shearing of thin films and microbending. To this end, we use a representation in terms of coupled equations for the densities of screw and edge components. We show how these equations derive from a mor…
Abstract A proposed method for Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (LP-ICDA) has been developed that is consistent with the general principles of other Direct Assessment (DA) methods. The scope of LP-ICDA complements those of dry gas ICDA (DG-ICDA) and wet gas ICDA (WG-ICDA). LP-ICDA (as wit…
Abstract This review describes the present state of knowledge and current controversies concerning mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE), especially in steels, nickel, and titanium alloys. Mechanisms of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in aluminium alloys, magnesium, and other materials where hydrogen effects are i…
Correlation effects within the GW approximation have been incorporated into the Keldysh non-equilibrium transport formalism. We show that GW describes the Kondo effect and the zero-temperature transport properties of the Anderson model fairly well. Combining the GW scheme with density functional theory and a Wannier f…
Using micromagnetics we demonstrate that the r.f. field produced by a spin valve can be used to reverse the magnetization in a magnetic nanoparticle. The r.f. field is generated using a current that specifically excites a uniform spin wave in the spin valve. This current is swept such that the chirped-frequency genera…
We present the results of a crystal structure determination using neutron powder diffraction as well as the superconducting properties of the rare-earth sesquicarbide La2C3 (Tc ~ 13.4 K) by means of specific heat and upper critical field measurements. From the detailed analysis of the specific heat and a comparison wi…
We use a single dipole approximation to analyze the behavior of anisotropy-dominated magnetic nanoparticles subjected to an external r.f. field. We identify the steady state oscillations and analyze their stability. We also analyze the case when the external r.f. field has a time-dependent frequency which insures the…
Recently developed techniques to find the eigenmodes of a ferromagnetic particle of arbitrary shape, as well as the absorption in the presence of an inhomogeneous radio-frequency field, are extended to treat infinite lattices of such particles. The method is applied to analyze the results of recent FMR experiments, an…