Materials Literature
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The swelling of cellulose gel is considered to be caused by an osmotic pressure differential resulting from a difference in concentration of mobile ions between the interior of the gel and the exterior solution. The fundamental feature within the gel, bringing about the unequal distribution, is the presence of ionizin…
Summary Examination by infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy of the fine clays (<0.5 μm) dispersed at pH 3.5 from H 2 O 2 ‐treated soil indicates that imogolite and proto‐imogolite allophanes are concentrated in podzolic B 2 and B 3 horizons, and make up at least 6 percent of one B 2 horizon soil, which con…
Aberration-corrected concave gratings with curved and variable spacing grooves are ruled with a numerically controlled ruling engine. In the design of aberration-corrected concave gratings, mechanical methods allow more freedom to choose the amount of space variation than do holographic methods. A highly efficient vis…
Abstract The thickness of the two-layer ethylene glycol complex of dioctahedral smectites varies under room conditions between 17.3 and 16.5 Å because of such factors as layer charge density, type of interlayer cation, and relative humidity. Neglecting this variability can give up to 30% error in the X-ray powder diff…
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Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation H. Münstedt; Dependence of the Elongational Behavior of Polystyrene Melts on Molecular Weight and…
Following a major shortage of 99Mo in the 2009–2010 period, concern grew that the aging reactor production facilities needed to be replaced. Most producers were using highly enriched 235U (HEU) as the target material. The Organisation for Economic Co-...Read More
A model allowing theoretical prediction of the maximum possible efficiency for any cathode‐ray or x‐ray phosphor is proposed, based on an earlier statistical analysis of e‐h pair generation by van Roosbroeck. The model is independent of the detailed band structure of a particular solid, and predicts the limiting yield…
Abstract Saddle dolomite is a variety of dolomite that has a warped crystal lattice; it is characterized by curved crystal faces and cleavage, and sweeping extinction. Perfect saddle forms have trigonal symmetry, with crystal elongation at high angles to the 'c' axis. Saddle dolomite occurs as both a void-filling ceme…
Abstract A general framework is presented for the quantitative analysis of surfaces by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA). The approach starts by considering analysis using reference data recorded on the same instrument and under identical conditions as the analysed sample. Matrix factors are evaluated and…
Tin oxide films have been prepared on glass substrates by spray pyrolysis technique. The electrical and optical properties of undoped and antimony-doped tin oxide films have been studied. The temperature dependence of electron mobility has been analyzed to establish the electron conduction mechanism. Optical propertie…
The oxidation of carbon monoxide catalyzed by Pt(111) was studied in ultrahigh vacuum using reactive molecular beam–surface scattering. Under all conditions studied, the reaction follows a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism: the combination of a chemisorbed CO molecule and an oxygen adatom. When both reactants are at low…
If two materials are brought into contact and then separated they are found to be charged; this is the phenomenon of ‘contact electrification’. The subject falls naturally into three divisions—electrification of metals by metals; of insulators by metals; and of insulators by insulators. The first of these is well unde…